Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
J Dairy Sci. 2013 Mar;96(3):1511-20. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5566. Epub 2013 Jan 16.
Surgical correction of left displaced abomasum (LDA) is common in lactating dairy cattle. Despite the growing acceptance that abdominal surgery is painful, few cows are administered analgesia following LDA surgery. The objective of this research was to examine the effect of administering a label dose of ketoprofen on physiological and behavioral indicators of pain in dairy cattle. Holstein cows were enrolled in a field study following LDA surgery. Surgery was performed using the standing right flank (RF) approach or the paramedian (PARA) approach. Using a triple-blind randomized trial, each animal was assigned to receive either 3mg of ketoprofen/kg of body weight or saline (the equivalent volume) by intramuscular injection immediately following surgery and 24h postoperatively. Physiological parameters (heart rate, respiration rate, and rumen motility), blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) levels, and an assessment of cow attitude were measured on the day of surgery, and at 2 follow-up visits (visit 1=3 ± 0.9 d and visit 2=9 ± 1.2 d postsurgery; n=175). Milk production and culling were recorded for all cows enrolled in the study. Producers assessed their cows' attitudes and appetites daily for the first 3 d following surgery. A subset of cows (n=37) were fitted on the day of surgery with a 3-axis accelerometer on the hind leg to assess lying behavior. Continuous and binary outcome data were analyzed using multivariable mixed linear and mixed logistic models, respectively, with cow modeled as a random effect. Ketoprofen did not alter the physiological measures, BHBA levels, or behavioral outcomes measured. Cows subjected to RF surgery had longer lying times [model coefficient β=228.9 min; 95% confidence interval (CI): 122.2 to 335.6] in the first 3 d following surgery, and lower heart rates (β=-9.4 beats/min; 95% CI: -12 to -6.9 beats/min) at the follow-up visits, compared with animals that underwent PARA surgery. Regardless of surgical procedure, BHBA decreased from surgery day to visit 1 (β=-1.9 mmol/L; 95% CI: -2.1 to -1.7) and visit 2 (β=-2.0 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.2.2 to -1.8). Producer reports indicated that animals that received ketoprofen were more likely to begin eating when provided fresh feed during the first 3 d following surgery compared with those that received saline (odds ratio=4.8; 95% CI: 0.97 to 23.8). These results indicate that PARA surgery may be more painful relative to lying down than the RF approach. The apparent differences in appetite or attitude in cows that received ketoprofen reported by producers warrant further investigation.
左方变位腹腔切开术（LDA）是泌乳奶牛常见的手术。尽管越来越多的人认为腹部手术是痛苦的，但很少有奶牛在 LDA 手术后接受镇痛。本研究的目的是探讨在泌乳牛中给予酮洛芬标签剂量对疼痛的生理和行为指标的影响。荷斯坦奶牛在接受 LDA 手术后参与了一项现场研究。手术采用站立右侧肋（RF）入路或旁正中（PARA）入路。通过三重盲随机试验，每只动物都被分配到接受 3mg/kg 酮洛芬或生理盐水（等量体积），在手术后立即和术后 24 小时通过肌肉注射给药。在手术当天以及 2 次随访（术后第 1 次访视=3±0.9 天，术后第 2 次访视=9±1.2 天；n=175）测量生理参数（心率、呼吸率和瘤胃运动）、血液 β-羟丁酸（BHBA）水平以及奶牛态度评估。所有参与研究的奶牛均记录产奶量和淘汰情况。在手术后的前 3 天，生产者每天评估奶牛的态度和食欲。对手术当天的一部分奶牛（n=37）在后腿上安装了一个 3 轴加速度计，以评估其卧姿。使用多变量混合线性和混合逻辑回归模型分别分析连续和二项式结果数据，将奶牛建模为随机效应。酮洛芬未改变测量的生理指标、BHBA 水平或行为结果。接受 RF 手术的奶牛在手术后的头 3 天内有更长的卧姿时间[模型系数β=228.9 分钟；95%置信区间（CI）：122.2 至 335.6]，并且在随访时的心率较低（β=-9.4 次/分钟；95%CI：-12 至-6.9 次/分钟），与接受 PARA 手术的动物相比。无论手术程序如何，BHBA 从手术日到第 1 次访视（β=-1.9mmol/L；95%CI：-2.1 至-1.7）和第 2 次访视（β=-2.0mmol/L；95%CI：-0.2.2 至-1.8）都有所下降。生产者报告表明，与接受生理盐水的奶牛相比，接受酮洛芬治疗的奶牛在手术后的头 3 天内开始进食时更有可能开始进食（比值比=4.8；95%CI：0.97 至 23.8）。这些结果表明，与 RF 方法相比，PARA 手术可能与卧姿相比更疼痛。生产者报告的接受酮洛芬治疗的奶牛在食欲或态度上的明显差异值得进一步研究。
