Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) pumps.

Optimal blood glucose control and the restoration of the physiological insulin secretion is a current medical challenge andwill account for an overall cardiovascular morbidity and mortality related to diabetes mellitus complications. Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII) is the first step to the development of the so-called "artificial pancreas" and is intended to restore blood glucose levels and the frequency of hypoglycemic episodes. CSII using an external pump, offers both a better glycemic profile compared to multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) and a broader flexibility in everyday activities. The advantages of insulin pumps, i.e., basal delivery consistency, adjustable basal rates and low insulin depots also contribute to its reported clinical superiority. However, experience with CSII indicates that candidate patients should be carefully selected, thoroughly educated and vividly motivated to improve their blood glucose control.