Optimized image-based soft tissue deformation algorithms for visualization of haptic needle insertion.

Real-time surgical simulation relies on the fast computation of soft tissue deformations. In this paper, we present image-based algorithms for computing the deformations of a volumetric image during a needle insertion in real-time. The algorithms are based on diffusive and linear elastic finite difference methods as utilized in image registration. For an evaluation, the methods are compared to a finite element simulation of the pre-puncture phase of a needle insertion. Furthermore, the methods are improved and tested; contrary to our assumption, an improved diffusion based approach outperforms a linear elastic approach. The algorithms are used to perform a VR simulation of a needle insertion with visuo-haptic feedback.