DNA transfection of bone marrow stromal cells using microbubble-mediated ultrasound and polyethylenimine: an in vitro study.

Non-viral vector transfection efficiency is an issue affecting the clinical application of stem cell gene therapy. This study makes use of the synergistic effect of combining ultrasound (US) with microbubbles (MB) and polyethylenimine (PEI) to increase DNA transfection efficiency, which will enhance the efficiency of gene transfer to bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). The optimal parameters for primary-cultured rat-BMSC DNA transfection were examined. The study was arranged based on uniform design. Using a construct containing hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) tagged with enhanced green fluorescent protein (pEGFP-HGF) as example, the mixture of BMSCs, MB, and PEI:DNA complex were exposed to US with frequency of 1 MHz and 10% duty cycle pulses. Other factors such as acoustic intensity (Q), MB dosage, and total treatment time (T) were also tested. The results were analyzed by regression analysis. Using the best match of parameters, Q = 0.6 W/cm(2), MB = 10(6)/ml, T = 30 s, different groups were compared. The cooperativity of MB-mediated US and PEI enhanced the gene transfection efficiency by nearly 38-times compared to the DNA without US group. Furthermore, the expression of HGF protein was confirmed by Western blot. The eGFP could be not only seen mainly at the cytoplasm, but also seen in the nucleus in a small proportion of the cells (<10%) for up to 7 observed days. The transfected BMSCs maintained their capability of multi-directional differentiation and reproductive activity. Our results provide useful information in establishing a novel non-viral transfection method, which may be applied to clinical application in stem cell gene therapy.