Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Saarland Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.
J Invest Dermatol. 2013 Aug;133(8):2004-12. doi: 10.1038/jid.2013.87. Epub 2013 Feb 27.
Staphylococcus aureus, the leading causal pathogen of skin infections, is strongly associated with skin atopy, and a number of bacterial adhesins allow the microbe to adhere to and invade eukaryotic cells. One of these adhesive molecules is the multifunctional extracellular adherence protein (Eap), which is overexpressed in situ in authentic human wounds and was shown to delay wound healing in experimental models. Yet, its role during invasion of keratinocytes is not clearly defined. By using a gentamicin/lysostaphin protection assay we demonstrate here that preincubation of HaCaT cells or primary keratinocytes with Eap results in a concentration-dependent significant increase in staphylococcal adhesion, followed by an even more pronounced internalization of bacteria by eukaryotic cells. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that Eap increased both the number of infected eukaryotic cells and the bacterial load per infected cell. Moreover, treatment of keratinocytes with Eap strongly enhanced the internalization of coagulase-negative staphylococci, as well as of E. coli, and markedly promoted staphylococcal invasion into extended-culture keratinocytes, displaying expression of keratin 10 and involucrin as differentiation markers. Thus, wound-related staphylococcal Eap may provide a major cellular invasin function, thereby enhancing the pathogen's ability to hide from the host immune system during acute and chronic skin infection.
金黄色葡萄球菌是引起皮肤感染的主要病原体,与皮肤过敏密切相关,许多细菌黏附素使微生物能够黏附和侵入真核细胞。其中一种黏附分子是多功能细胞外黏附蛋白(Eap),它在真实的人类伤口中过度表达,并在实验模型中显示出延迟伤口愈合的作用。然而,其在角质形成细胞入侵过程中的作用尚不清楚。通过使用庆大霉素/溶葡萄球菌素保护试验,我们在这里证明,Eap 预先孵育 HaCaT 细胞或原代角质形成细胞会导致葡萄球菌黏附的浓度依赖性显著增加,随后真核细胞的内化作用更加明显。流式细胞术分析显示,Eap 增加了受感染的真核细胞数量和每个受感染细胞的细菌负荷。此外,Eap 处理角质形成细胞可强烈增强凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌以及大肠杆菌的内化作用,并显著促进扩展培养角质形成细胞中葡萄球菌的入侵,显示出角蛋白 10 和兜甲蛋白作为分化标记的表达。因此,与伤口相关的葡萄球菌 Eap 可能提供主要的细胞侵袭功能,从而增强病原体在急性和慢性皮肤感染期间躲避宿主免疫系统的能力。