Bernaudin J-F, Kambouchner M, Lacave R
Histologie Biologie Tumorale, ER2 UPMC, Hôpital Tenon, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France.
Rev Pneumol Clin. 2013 Apr;69(2):93-101. doi: 10.1016/j.pneumo.2013.01.005. Epub 2013 Mar 6.
The lymphatic vascular system is widely developed among vertebrates. Lymphatic vessels provide the interstitial fluid (20% of the body weight) drainage through interstitial prelymphatic channels, capillaries, precollectors and collectors flowing into the venous blood. Endothelial cells of capillaries are overlapped and fixed to interstitial collagen and elastic fibres by anchoring filaments facilitating the fluid transfer. Precollectors and collectors have valves controlling the lymph flux direction. In addition to external mechanisms, the lymphangions of collectors have contracting muscle cells driving the flow. Lymphatic endothelial cells are routinely identified by the expression of podoplanin, LYVE-1 and VEGFR3. In the embryo, prelymphatic endothelial cells emerge from the cardinal veins and migrate into the mesenchyma forming embryonic lymphatic sacs. Prox1, Sox18 and COUP-TFII play a major role in the endothelial speciation, VEGFC as VEGFD combined to VEGFR3 in cell migration and proliferation and FoxC2 in valves development. In cancer or inflammation, various factors secreted by cancer cells and/or inflammatory cells induce a neolymphangiogenesis. Recently it has been shown that cells from the bone marrow could be potential precursors for lymphatic endothelial cells.
淋巴血管系统在脊椎动物中广泛发育。淋巴管通过间质前淋巴管通道、毛细血管、前集合淋巴管和集合淋巴管将间质液（占体重的20%）引流至静脉血中。毛细血管内皮细胞相互重叠，并通过锚定丝固定于间质胶原和弹性纤维上，以促进液体转运。前集合淋巴管和集合淋巴管具有控制淋巴液流动方向的瓣膜。除了外部机制外，集合淋巴管的淋巴管节有收缩性肌细胞推动淋巴液流动。淋巴内皮细胞通常通过血小板内皮细胞黏附分子、淋巴管内皮透明质酸受体-1和血管内皮生长因子受体3的表达来识别。在胚胎中，前淋巴内皮细胞从主静脉中产生，并迁移至间充质中，形成胚胎淋巴囊。Prox1、Sox18和COUP-TFII在内皮细胞特化中起主要作用，血管内皮生长因子C和血管内皮生长因子D与血管内皮生长因子受体3结合参与细胞迁移和增殖，而FoxC2则参与瓣膜发育。在癌症或炎症中癌细胞和/或炎性细胞分泌的多种因子可诱导新生淋巴管生成。最近研究表明，骨髓细胞可能是淋巴内皮细胞的潜在前体细胞。
