Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), Vienna, Austria.
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2013 Nov;37(6):872-914. doi: 10.1111/1574-6976.12020. Epub 2013 Apr 12.
Protein secretion is an essential process for living organisms. In eukaryotes, this encompasses numerous steps mediated by several hundred cellular proteins. The core functions of translocation through the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, primary glycosylation, folding and quality control, and vesicle-mediated secretion are similar from yeasts to higher eukaryotes. However, recent research has revealed significant functional differences between yeasts and mammalian cells, and even among diverse yeast species. This review provides a current overview of the canonical protein secretion pathway in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, highlighting differences to mammalian cells as well as currently unresolved questions, and provides a genomic comparison of the S. cerevisiae pathway to seven other yeast species where secretion has been investigated due to their attraction as protein production platforms, or for their relevance as pathogens. The analysis of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Kluyveromyces lactis, Pichia pastoris, Hansenula polymorpha, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe reveals that many - but not all - secretion steps are more redundant in S. cerevisiae due to duplicated genes, while some processes are even absent in this model yeast. Recent research obviates that even where homologous genes are present, small differences in protein sequence and/or differences in the regulation of gene expression may lead to quite different protein secretion phenotypes.
蛋白质分泌是生物体的一个基本过程。在真核生物中，这包括由几百种细胞蛋白介导的许多步骤。从酵母到高等真核生物，跨内质网膜的易位、初级糖基化、折叠和质量控制以及囊泡介导的分泌的核心功能是相似的。然而，最近的研究揭示了酵母和哺乳动物细胞之间以及不同酵母物种之间存在显著的功能差异。 本综述提供了模型酵母酿酒酵母中经典蛋白质分泌途径的最新概述，突出了与哺乳动物细胞的差异以及当前尚未解决的问题，并对酿酒酵母途径与其他七种已研究过分泌的酵母物种进行了基因组比较，这些酵母因其作为蛋白质生产平台的吸引力，或因其作为病原体的相关性而受到关注。对白色念珠菌、光滑念珠菌、乳酸克鲁维酵母、巴斯德毕赤酵母、汉逊酵母、解脂耶氏酵母和裂殖酵母的分析表明，许多——但不是所有——分泌步骤在酿酒酵母中由于基因重复而更加冗余，而在这种模式酵母中，有些过程甚至缺失。最近的研究表明，即使存在同源基因，蛋白质序列的微小差异和/或基因表达调控的差异也可能导致非常不同的蛋白质分泌表型。
