von Arx Thomas
Klinik für Oralchirurgie und Stomatologie, ZMK Zahnmedizinische Kliniken der Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2013;123(3):205-25.
This paper presents a clinical and anatomical review of the mental foramen (MF) based on recent publications (since 1990). Usually, the MF is located below the 2nd premolar or between the two premolars, but it may also be positioned below the 1st premolar or below the mesial root of the 1st molar. At the level of the MF, lingual canals may join the mandibular canal (hence the term "crossroads"). Accessory MF are frequently described in the literature with large ethnic variations in incidence. The emergence pattern of the mental canal usually has an upward and posterior direction. The presence and extent of an "anterior loop" of the mental canal may be overestimated with panoramic radiography. Limited cone-beam computed tomography currently appears to be the most precise radiographic technique for assessment of the "anterior loop". The mental nerve exiting the MF usually has three to four branches for innervation of the soft tissues of the chin, lower lip, facial gingiva and mucosa in the anterior mandible. The clinician is advised to observe a safety distance when performing incisions and osteotomies in the vicinity of the MF.
本文基于近期（自1990年以来）的出版物，对颏孔（MF）进行了临床和解剖学综述。通常，颏孔位于第二前磨牙下方或两颗前磨牙之间，但也可能位于第一前磨牙下方或第一磨牙近中根下方。在颏孔水平，舌侧管可能汇入下颌管（因此有“十字路口”这一术语）。文献中经常描述副颏孔，其发生率在不同种族间有很大差异。颏管的走行模式通常是向上和向后。全景放射摄影可能会高估颏管“前襻”的存在和范围。目前，有限锥形束计算机断层扫描似乎是评估“前襻”最精确的放射学技术。从颏孔穿出的颏神经通常有三到四个分支，用于支配颏部、下唇、面部牙龈和下颌前部黏膜的软组织。建议临床医生在颏孔附近进行切口和截骨术时要注意安全距离。
