Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2013 Jun;92:245-51. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.02.012. Epub 2013 Mar 26.
The present study compares blood plasma clinical-chemical parameters (BCCPs) in birds from three geographically distinct North Atlantic Great skua (Stercorarius skua) colonies. Birds from these sites bioaccumulate different POP (persistent organic pollutant) concentrations and that enabled us to compare Great skua BCCPs in different exposure scenarios. Persistent organic pollutants (organochlorines: PCB, DDT, chlordanes, HCB, HCH, mirex and brominated flame retardants: PBDEs) and nineteen BCCPs were analysed in 114 adult Great skuas sampled during summer 2009 in North Atlantic colonies at Bjørnøya (n=42), Iceland (n=57) and Shetland (n=15). Specimens from Bjørnøya had the highest blood plasma concentrations of all contaminant groups followed by Iceland and Shetland birds, respectively (ANOVA: p<0.05). Most of the 19 BCCP parameters followed the pattern of colony differences found for contaminants, with Bjørnøya having the highest concentrations. However seven BCCPs, the three liver enzymes ALKP, ALAT and GGT as well as bile acids, cholesterol, sodium and potassium, did not differ between colonies (ANOVA: p>0.05). Therefore correlation analyses of these seven BCCPs vs. POPs were done on the combined colony data while the analyses of the remaining 12 BCCPs were carried out for each colony separately. The analyses of combined colony data showed that the blood plasma concentration of liver enzymes ALAT and GGT increased with increasing concentrations of ΣPBDE and ΣHCH, HCB and ΣCHL, respectively (all Pearson's p<0.05). In Great skuas from Shetland, the important osmotic transport protein albumin increased with increasing concentrations of ΣPCB and ΣDDT, while total blood plasma protein increased with ΣPCB, ΣDDT, ΣHCH and HCB concentrations (all Pearson's p<0.05). In both Bjørnøya and Iceland skuas, blood plasma pancreatic enzyme amylase decreased with increasing ΣHCH concentrations while the erythrocyte waste product total bilirubin in blood plasma increased with increasing ΣHCH and ΣPBDE concentrations in Iceland Great skuas (all Pearson's p<0.05). In Bjørnøya birds, blood plasma urea from protein metabolism (reflects kidney function) increased with increasing ΣPBDE concentrations (Pearson's p<0.05). Furthermore, a redundancy analysis showed that 10.6% of the variations in BCCPs could be explained by the variations in POP concentrations. Based on these results we suggest that liver and renal functions could be negatively affected by different POP compounds. It is, however, uncertain if the colony BCCP differences and their relationship to POP concentrations reflect health effects that could have an overall impact on the populations via reduced survival and reproduction parameters.
本研究比较了来自北大西洋三个地理位置不同的大贼鸥（Stercorarius skua）繁殖地的血浆临床化学参数（BCCPs）。这些地点的鸟类生物积累了不同浓度的持久性有机污染物（POP），这使我们能够比较不同暴露情况下大贼鸥的 BCCPs。在 2009 年夏季，我们在北大西洋的比约恩岛（Bjørnøya）（n=42）、冰岛（n=57）和设得兰群岛（n=15）的三个大贼鸥繁殖地采集了 114 只成年大贼鸥的样本，分析了它们的持久性有机污染物（有机氯：PCB、DDT、氯丹、HCB、六氯环己烷、灭蚁灵和溴化阻燃剂：PBDEs）和 19 个 BCCPs。比约恩岛的标本具有所有污染物组中最高的血液血浆浓度，其次是冰岛和设得兰群岛的鸟类（方差分析：p<0.05）。19 个 BCCP 参数中的大多数都遵循与污染物发现的繁殖地差异模式，比约恩岛的浓度最高。然而，有七个 BCCP，即三种肝脏酶 ALKP、ALAT 和 GGT 以及胆汁酸、胆固醇、钠和钾，在繁殖地之间没有差异（方差分析：p>0.05）。因此，对这七个 BCCP 与 POPs 进行了联合繁殖地数据的相关分析，而对其余 12 个 BCCP 进行了单独繁殖地的分析。联合繁殖地数据的分析表明，肝脏酶 ALAT 和 GGT 的血液血浆浓度随着 ΣPBDE 和 ΣHCH、HCB 和 ΣCHL 的浓度增加而增加（所有 Pearson 的 p<0.05）。在设得兰群岛的大贼鸥中，重要的渗透运输蛋白白蛋白随着 ΣPCB 和 ΣDDT 的浓度增加而增加，而总血浆蛋白随着 ΣPCB、ΣDDT、ΣHCH 和 HCB 的浓度增加而增加（所有 Pearson 的 p<0.05）。在比约恩岛和冰岛的大贼鸥中，血液胰腺酶淀粉酶随着 ΣHCH 浓度的增加而减少，而血液血浆中红细胞废物总胆红素随着冰岛大贼鸥中 ΣHCH 和 ΣPBDE 浓度的增加而增加（所有 Pearson 的 p<0.05）。在比约恩岛的鸟类中，蛋白质代谢产生的血液尿素（反映肾脏功能）随着 ΣPBDE 浓度的增加而增加（Pearson 的 p<0.05）。此外，冗余分析表明，BCCPs 的 10.6%的变化可以用 POP 浓度的变化来解释。基于这些结果，我们认为不同的 POP 化合物可能会对肝脏和肾脏功能产生负面影响。然而，尚不确定繁殖地 BCCP 差异及其与 POP 浓度的关系是否反映了健康影响，这些影响可能通过降低生存和繁殖参数对种群产生整体影响。
