Windward Environmental, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2013 Oct;9(4):580-9. doi: 10.1002/ieam.1419. Epub 2013 May 28.
In Europe, the European Union's Existing Substances Regulation (EEC 793/93), the REACH Regulation, and Water Framework Directive all share common guidance for conducting environmental effects assessments, which can be further used to derive predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) and environmental quality standards (EQS) for chemical substances. To meet the criteria for using a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) in the effects assessment of Ni for marine organisms, chronic toxicity data from the published scientific literature were augmented with toxicity testing of several additional marine species including: a unicellular alga (Dunalliela tertiolecta), a diatom (Skeletonema costatum), 2 macroalgae (Champia parvula, Macrocystis pyrifera), 2 mollusks (Crassostrea gigas, Mytilus galloprovincialis), 2 echinoderms (Dendraster excentricus, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus), a polychaete (Neanthes arenaceodentata), and a fish (Cyprinodon variegatus). Based on this updated database, which includes chronic Ni toxicity data for a total of 17 marine species, HC5 values (hazardous concentrations to 5% of the species) were derived using an SSD. The most sensitive species is a tropical sea urchin from the Caribbean region, Diadema antillarum, which has an EC10 that is approximately 6-fold less than the EC10 for the second most sensitive species tested. There is some uncertainty in the representativeness of D. antillarum to temperate European marine waters because 1) a European sea urchin species (Paracentrotus lividus) is approximately 48-fold less sensitive to Ni, and (2) ambient marine Ni concentrations in at least some European waters closely approach the D. antillarum EC10. The HC5 values with and without D. antillarum included in the SSD are 3.9 and 20.9 μg/L, respectively. Site-specific toxicity testing with local species may be warranted for locations where Ni concentrations fall between the range in HC5s of 3.9 to 20.9 μg/L.
在欧洲，欧盟现行物质法规（EEC 793/93）、REACH 法规和水框架指令都为进行环境影响评估提供了共同的指导，可进一步用于推导出化学物质的预测无影响浓度（PNEC）和环境质量标准（EQS）。为了满足在海洋生物镍的影响评估中使用物种敏感性分布（SSD）的标准，慢性毒性数据来自已发表的科学文献，并通过对包括：单细胞藻类（Dunalliela tertiolecta）、硅藻（Skeletonema costatum）、2 种大型藻类（Champia parvula、Macrocystis pyrifera）、2 种软体动物（Crassostrea gigas、Mytilus galloprovincialis）、2 种棘皮动物（Dendraster excentricus、Strongylocentrotus purpuratus）、多毛类环节动物（Neanthes arenaceodentata）和鱼类（Cyprinodon variegatus）在内的几种海洋物种进行毒性测试进行了补充。基于这个更新的数据库，其中包括 17 种海洋物种的慢性镍毒性数据，使用 SSD 推导出了 HC5 值（对 5%的物种有危害的浓度）。最敏感的物种是来自加勒比地区的热带海胆 Diadema antillarum，其 EC10 比测试的第二敏感物种低约 6 倍。由于 1）欧洲的一种海胆物种（Paracentrotus lividus）对镍的敏感性约低 48 倍，以及 2）至少在一些欧洲水域中，环境海洋镍浓度接近 Diadema antillarum 的 EC10，因此 D. antillarum 对温带欧洲海洋水域的代表性存在一些不确定性。包含和不包含 D. antillarum 的 SSD 的 HC5 值分别为 3.9 和 20.9μg/L。对于镍浓度处于 3.9 至 20.9μg/L 的 HC5 范围内的地点，可能需要进行具有当地物种的特定地点毒性测试。
