Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA.
Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013 Mar;21(3):E244-52. doi: 10.1002/oby.20075.
Energy density (ED) and eating rate (ER) influence energy intake; their combined effects on intake and on postprandial pancreatic and gut hormone responses are undetermined. To determine the combined effects of ED and ER manipulation on voluntary food intake, subjective appetite, and postprandial pancreatic and gut hormone responses.
Twenty nonobese volunteers each consumed high (1.6 kcal g(-1) ; HED) and low (1.2 kcal g(-1) ; LED) ED breakfasts slowly (20 g min(-1) ; SR) and quickly (80 g min(-1) ; FR) ad libitum to satiation. Appetite, and pancreatic and gut hormone concentrations were measured periodically over 3 h. Ad libitum energy intake during the subsequent lunch was then measured.
Main effects of ED and ER on energy intake and a main effect of ER, but not ED, on mass of food consumed were observed, FR and HED being associated with increased intake (P < 0.05). Across all conditions, energy intake was highest during FR-HED (P ≤ 0.01). Area under the curve (AUC) of appetite ratings was not different between meals. Main effects of ED and ER on insulin, peptide-YY, and glucagon-like peptide-1 AUC (P < 0.05) were observed, FR and HED being associated with larger AUC. No effects on active or total ghrelin AUC were documented. Total energy intake over both meals was highest during the FR-HED trial with the greatest difference between FR-HED and SR-LED trials (P ≤ 0.01).
Consuming an energy dense meal quickly compounds independent effects of ER and ED on energy intake. Energy compensation at the following meal may not occur despite altered gut hormone responses.
能量密度(ED)和进食率(ER)影响能量摄入;它们对摄入以及餐后胰腺和肠道激素反应的综合影响尚未确定。确定 ED 和 ER 操作的组合效应对自愿食物摄入、主观食欲和餐后胰腺和肠道激素反应的影响。
20 名非肥胖志愿者每人分别摄入高(1.6 kcal g(-1);HED)和低(1.2 kcal g(-1);LED)ED 早餐,缓慢(20 g min(-1);SR)和快速(80 g min(-1);FR)自由进食至饱。定期测量 3 小时内的食欲和胰腺及肠道激素浓度。然后测量随后午餐时的自由能量摄入。
ED 和 ER 对能量摄入有主要影响,ER 有主要影响,但 ED 没有,食物摄入量也有主要影响,FR 和 HED 与摄入量增加有关(P < 0.05)。在所有条件下,FR-HED 时的能量摄入最高(P ≤ 0.01)。食欲评分的曲线下面积(AUC)在两餐之间没有差异。ED 和 ER 对胰岛素、肽 YY 和胰高血糖素样肽 1 AUC 有主要影响(P < 0.05),FR 和 HED 与更大的 AUC 有关。未记录对活性或总 ghrelin AUC 的影响。两餐的总能量摄入在 FR-HED 试验中最高,FR-HED 和 SR-LED 试验之间的差异最大(P ≤ 0.01)。
快速摄入能量密集的餐会使 ER 和 ED 对能量摄入的独立影响复杂化。尽管肠道激素反应发生变化,但下一餐可能不会发生能量补偿。