University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Neuroscience. 2013 Sep 5;247:412-22. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.04.012. Epub 2013 Apr 18.
The Kavli Prize in Neuroscience was awarded for the third time in September 2012, by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters in Oslo. The accompanying Kavli Prize Symposium on Neuroscience, held in Bergen and Trondheim, was a showcase of excellence in neuroscience research. The common theme of the Symposium presentations was the mechanisms by which animals adapt to their environment. The symposium speakers--Michael Greenberg, Erin Schuman, Chiara Cirelli, Michael Meaney, Catherine Dulac, Hopi Hoekstra, and Stanislas Dehaene--covered topics ranging from the molecular and cellular levels to the systems level and behavior. Thus a single amino acid change in a transcriptional repressor can disrupt gene regulation through neural activity (Greenberg). Deep sequencing analysis of the neuropil transcriptome indicates that a large fraction of the synaptic proteome is synthesized in situ in axons and dendrites, permitting local regulation (Schuman). The nature of the 'reset' function that makes animals dependent of sleep is being revealed (Cirelli). Maternal behavior can cause changes in gene expression that stably modify behavior in the offspring (Meaney). Removal of a single sensory channel protein in the vomero-nasal organ can switch off male-specific and switch on female-specific innate behavior of mice in response to environmental stimulation (Dulac). Innate behaviors can be stably transmitted from parent to offspring through generations even when those behaviors cannot be expressed, as illustrated by the elaborate burrowing behavior in a rodent species, in which independent genetic regions regulate distinct modules of the burrowing pattern (Hoekstra). Finally, at the other extreme of the nature-nurture scale, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis in children and adults identified a brain area specifically involved in reading (Dehaene). As the area must originally have developed for a purpose other than reading, such as shape recognition, this illustrates the use of a previously formed neural structure to tackle a new challenge.
2012 年 9 月，挪威科学与文学院在奥斯陆第三次颁发了卡弗里神经科学奖。在卑尔根和特隆赫姆举行的神经科学卡弗里奖专题讨论会是神经科学研究卓越成就的展示。专题讨论会的演讲主题是动物适应其环境的机制。演讲者包括 Michael Greenberg、Erin Schuman、Chiara Cirelli、Michael Meaney、Catherine Dulac、Hopi Hoekstra 和 Stanislas Dehaene，他们涵盖的主题从分子和细胞水平到系统水平和行为。因此，转录阻遏物中的单个氨基酸变化可以通过神经活动破坏基因调控（Greenberg）。对神经突转录组的深度测序分析表明，突触蛋白组的很大一部分是在轴突和树突中原位合成的，从而允许局部调节（Schuman）。使动物依赖睡眠的“重置”功能的本质正在被揭示（Cirelli）。母体行为可以导致基因表达的变化，从而稳定地改变后代的行为（Meaney）。嗅球中单个感觉通道蛋白的缺失可以关闭雄性特有的、并开启对环境刺激有反应的雌性特有的先天行为（Dulac）。即使那些行为无法表达，先天行为也可以通过几代人从父母稳定地传递给后代，这在一种啮齿动物的精细挖掘行为中得到了说明，在这种行为中，独立的遗传区域调节挖掘模式的不同模块（Hoekstra）。最后，在天性与教养的尺度的另一端，对儿童和成人的功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）分析确定了一个大脑区域专门参与阅读（Dehaene）。由于该区域最初可能是为其他目的而不是阅读而发育的，例如形状识别，这说明了先前形成的神经结构用于应对新挑战。
