Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA-UVSQ-CNRS UMR 8212, Institut Pierre et Simon Laplace, L'Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France.
Environ Sci Technol. 2013 Jun 4;47(11):5803-12. doi: 10.1021/es400372u. Epub 2013 May 14.
The earthquake and the subsequent tsunami that occurred offshore of Japan resulted in an important loss of life and a serious accident at the nuclear facility of Fukushima. The "hot spots" of the release are evaluated here applying the model LMDZORINCA for (137)Cs. Moreover, an assessment is attempted for the population and the environment using the dosimetric scheme of the WHO and the interactive tool ERICA, respectively. Cesium-137 was deposited mostly in Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and North Pole (80%), whereas the rest in the continental areas of North America and Eurasia contributed slightly to the natural background (0.5-5.0 kBq m(-2)). The effective dose from (137)Cs and (134)Cs (radiocesium) irradiation during the first 3 months was estimated between 1-5 mSv in Fukushima and the neighboring prefectures. In the rest of Japan, the respective doses were found to be less than 0.5 mSv, whereas in the rest of the world it was less than 0.1 mSv. Such doses are equivalent with the obtained dose from a simple X-ray; for the highly contaminated regions, they are close to the dose limit for exposure due to radon inhalation (10 mSv). The calculated dose rates from radiocesium exposure on reference organisms ranged from 0.03 to 0.18 μGy h(-1), which are 2 orders of magnitude below the screening dose limit (10 μGy h(-1)) that could result in obvious effects on the population. However, these results may underestimate the real situation, since stable soil density was used in the calculations, a zero radiocesium background was assumed, and dose only from two radionuclides was estimated, while more that 40 radionuclides have been deposited in the vicinity of the facility. When monitoring data applied, much higher dose rates were estimated certifying ecological risk for small mammals and reptiles in terms of cytogenetic damage and reproduction.
日本近海发生的地震和随后的海啸导致了重要的生命损失和福岛核设施的严重事故。这里应用 LMDZORINCA 模型对（137）Cs 的释放“热点”进行了评估。此外，分别使用世卫组织剂量学方案和交互式 ERICA 工具对人口和环境进行了评估。铯-137 主要沉积在太平洋、大西洋和北极（80%），而北美和欧亚大陆的剩余部分对自然背景的贡献略小（0.5-5.0 kBq m(-2))。在福岛及其周边地区，（137）Cs 和（134）Cs（放射性铯）照射在最初 3 个月内的有效剂量估计为 1-5 mSv。在日本其他地区，相应的剂量被发现小于 0.5 mSv，而在世界其他地区，剂量小于 0.1 mSv。这些剂量与从简单 X 射线获得的剂量相当；对于高污染地区，它们接近因吸入氡而导致的暴露剂量限值（10 mSv）。参考生物体因放射性铯暴露而产生的剂量率范围为 0.03 至 0.18 μGy h(-1)，比可能对人群产生明显影响的筛选剂量限值（10 μGy h(-1))低 2 个数量级。然而，这些结果可能低估了实际情况，因为在计算中使用了稳定的土壤密度，假设放射性铯背景为零，并且只估计了两种放射性核素的剂量，而在设施附近已经沉积了超过 40 种放射性核素。当应用监测数据时，由于细胞遗传学损伤和繁殖，对小型哺乳动物和爬行动物的估计剂量率更高，证明了生态风险。
