Davis Devra Lee, Kesari Santosh, Soskolne Colin L, Miller Anthony B, Stein Yael
Environmental Health Trust, P.O. Box 58, Teton Village, WY 83025, USA.
Pathophysiology. 2013 Apr;20(2):123-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2013.03.001. Epub 2013 May 7.
With 5.9 billion reported users, mobile phones constitute a new, ubiquitous and rapidly growing exposure worldwide. Mobile phones are two-way microwave radios that also emit low levels of electromagnetic radiation. Inconsistent results have been published on potential risks of brain tumors tied with mobile phone use as a result of important methodological differences in study design and statistical power. Some studies have examined mobile phone users for periods of time that are too short to detect an increased risk of brain cancer, while others have misclassified exposures by placing those with exposures to microwave radiation from cordless phones in the control group, or failing to attribute such exposures in the cases. In 2011, the World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) advised that electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone and other wireless devices constitutes a "possible human carcinogen," 2B. Recent analyses not considered in the IARC review that take into account these methodological shortcomings from a number of authors find that brain tumor risk is significantly elevated for those who have used mobile phones for at least a decade. Studies carried out in Sweden indicate that those who begin using either cordless or mobile phones regularly before age 20 have greater than a fourfold increased risk of ipsilateral glioma. Given that treatment for a single case of brain cancer can cost between $100,000 for radiation therapy alone and up to $1 million depending on drug costs, resources to address this illness are already in short supply and not universally available in either developing or developed countries. Significant additional shortages in oncology services are expected at the current growth of cancer. No other environmental carcinogen has produced evidence of an increased risk in just one decade. Empirical data have shown a difference in the dielectric properties of tissues as a function of age, mostly due to the higher water content in children's tissues. High resolution computerized models based on human imaging data suggest that children are indeed more susceptible to the effects of EMF exposure at microwave frequencies. If the increased brain cancer risk found in young users in these recent studies does apply at the global level, the gap between supply and demand for oncology services will continue to widen. Many nations, phone manufacturers, and expert groups, advise prevention in light of these concerns by taking the simple precaution of "distance" to minimize exposures to the brain and body. We note than brain cancer is the proverbial "tip of the iceberg"; the rest of the body is also showing effects other than cancers.
据报道,全球手机用户达59亿,手机成为一种新型、无处不在且迅速增长的辐射源。手机是双向微波无线电设备,也会发射低水平的电磁辐射。由于研究设计和统计功效方面存在重要的方法差异,关于使用手机与患脑肿瘤潜在风险之间关系的研究结果并不一致。一些研究对手机用户的观察期过短,无法检测出患脑癌风险的增加,而另一些研究则在暴露分类上出现错误,比如将使用无绳电话受到微波辐射的人群归入对照组,或者在病例组中未能准确归因此类暴露。2011年,世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构(IARC)建议,手机及其他无线设备发出的电磁辐射构成“可能的人类致癌物”,即2B类。IARC的审查未考虑到一些作者近期分析中的这些方法缺陷,这些分析考虑到了这些缺陷后发现,使用手机至少十年的人群患脑肿瘤的风险显著升高。瑞典开展的研究表明,20岁之前开始经常使用无绳电话或手机的人群患同侧胶质瘤的风险增加了四倍多。鉴于仅放射治疗一例脑癌的费用就可能在10万美元之间,若算上药物费用则高达100万美元,应对这种疾病的资源已经短缺,在发展中国家或发达国家都并非普遍可得。按照目前癌症的增长速度,预计肿瘤学服务还会出现严重短缺。没有其他环境致癌物在短短十年内就有证据表明风险增加。实证数据表明,组织的介电特性随年龄而变化,主要是因为儿童组织中的含水量较高。基于人体成像数据的高分辨率计算机模型表明,儿童确实更容易受到微波频率电磁辐射的影响。如果近期这些研究中发现的年轻用户患脑癌风险增加的情况在全球范围内确实存在,肿瘤学服务的供需差距将继续扩大。鉴于这些担忧,许多国家、手机制造商和专家组建议采取简单的预防措施“保持距离”,以尽量减少对大脑和身体的辐射暴露。我们注意到,脑癌只是众所周知的“冰山一角”;身体的其他部位也在显示出除癌症之外的影响。