Analytical profile of moxidectin.

Moxidectin or F28249α is a potent endectocide and semisynthetic methoxime derivative of naturally occurring nemadectin. It is well known for the novel mode of action against a broad range of nematode and anthropod animal parasites. In this work, physicochemical and pharmaceutical aspects of moxidectin are described including stability, semisynthesis, purification processes, formulation compositions, impurities, and degradation pathways. Additional experiments such as DSC, XRD, and CHN analysis were carried out to complete the profile of moxidectin. The importance of safety and quality of drug substances was highlighted by chronological developments involving moxidectin and its analogues. The information gathered from the literature was used to trace the origins of moxidectin-related substances presented in the European Pharmacopeia (EP) compendial monograph. During the review, it was noticed that majority of impurities presented in the EP does not have any potential to increase with time in drug substance or formulated products; therefore, they do not require monitoring during stability studies. This also showed the requirement for further characterization of the impurities observed during long-term storage and development of stability indicating methods distinguishing between process impurities and the true degradation products. Furthermore, the stability of moxidectin in formulations is also reviewed in conjunction with known degradation routes and innovative ways to formulate products that are stable and effective at intended shelf life.