A psychological perspective on male rejuvenation.

Male rejuvenation, defined as a process in men to both limit the impact of aging on body image and experience greater virility, is growing among middle-aged and older men. While rejuvenation was primarily in the domain of the younger male athlete with the use of performance enhancing hormones or in the aging woman through the use of cosmetic surgery, it is now more common among middle-aged and older men. Male rejuvenation can occur both through aesthetic surgical means and hormonal manipulation through anabolic steroid use. In this article, the authors review the psychological issues and perceptions surrounding male aesthetic surgeries and the resulting alteration of perception by peers and family; highlight the motives and desires behind the use of anabolic hormones at often supra-physiologic levels, and the intent to improve body image; and clarify the needs that remain to be examined in future research in this field.