McMaster University, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2013 Oct;166(2):272-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.05.028. Epub 2013 May 31.
Ionic status during early development was investigated in the purple sea urchin. Whole body cation concentrations (Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), Mg(2+)), unidirectional Ca(2+) uptake rates measured with (45)Ca(2+), Ca(2+)-ATPase activity, and growth were examined at 12h intervals over the first 96h of development. Whole body Ca(2+) concentration was low initially but increased steadily by >15-fold through to the pluteus stage. Whole body Mg(2+), K(+) and Na(+) levels exhibited diverse patterns, but all increased at 72-96h. Ca(2+) uptake rates were low during initial cell cleavages at 12h but increased greatly at blastulation (24h) and then again at gastrulation (48h), declining thereafter in the pluteus stage, but increasing slightly at 96h. Ca(2+)-ATPase activity was initially low but increased at blastulation through gastrulation (24-48h) but declined thereafter in the pluteus stage. Embryonic weights did not change over most of development, but were significantly higher at 96h. Overall, the gastrulation stage displayed the most pronounced changes, as Ca(2+) uptake and accumulation and Ca(2+)-ATPase levels were the highest at this stage, likely involved in mineralization of the spicule. Biomarkers of Ca(2+) metabolism may be good endpoints for potential future toxicity studies.
在紫海胆中研究了早期发育过程中的离子状态。在发育的最初 96 小时内，每隔 12 小时检查了整个身体的阳离子浓度（Ca(2+)、Na(+)、K(+)、Mg(2+)）、用（45）Ca(2+)测量的单向 Ca(2+)摄取率、Ca(2+) -ATP 酶活性和生长。整个身体的 Ca(2+)浓度最初很低，但通过到幼体阶段稳定增加了>15 倍。整个身体的 Mg(2+)、K(+)和 Na(+)水平表现出不同的模式，但所有水平都在 72-96 小时增加。Ca(2+)摄取率在 12 小时的初始细胞分裂期间较低，但在原肠胚形成（24 小时）时大大增加，然后在原肠胚形成（48 小时）时再次增加，此后在幼体阶段下降，但在 96 小时时略有增加。Ca(2+)-ATP 酶活性最初较低，但在原肠胚形成期通过原肠胚形成期（24-48 小时）增加，但此后在幼体阶段下降。胚胎重量在大多数发育过程中没有变化，但在 96 小时时显著增加。总体而言，原肠胚形成阶段显示出最明显的变化，因为 Ca(2+)摄取和积累以及 Ca(2+)-ATP 酶水平在此阶段最高，可能参与了骨针的矿化。Ca(2+)代谢的生物标志物可能是未来潜在毒性研究的良好终点。
