X-ray absorption fine structure study of cobalt ion distribution in ferromagnetic Zn(1-x)Co(x)O films.

We examined the distribution of Co ions in ferromagnetic n-type Zn(1-x)Co(x)O semiconducting films with Co concentrations of 0.0-0.07 using x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements at the Co and Zn K edges. Extended XAFS (EXAFS) revealed that Co ions mainly occupied the zinc sites in the films. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra demonstrated that the pre-edge peak of the Co K edge was substantially affected by the second neighboring Co ions in the zinc sites due to their environmental potential distortion. From the pre-edge peak and EXAFS analysis using ab initio calculations, we found that Co ions uniformly occupied the zinc sites of the Zn0.93Co0.07O film, whereas the Co ions of the Zn0.97Co0.03O and Zn0.95Co0.05O films were substituted at the zinc sites with a non-uniform distribution. The ferromagnetic properties of the Zn0.93Co0.07O film may be induced by direct interaction between the magnetic dipoles of the Co ions with a mean distance of 4.3 Å, or by the Co conduction-electron mediation.