Kumar Rajiv, Nagesha Dattatri K
Department of Physics, Northeastern University and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Methods Mol Biol. 2013;1028:247-64. doi: 10.1007/978-1-62703-475-3_16.
The application of nanotechnology in various fields has resulted in a tremendous increase in the synthesis of variety of engineered nanoparticles (NPs). These applications are possible only due to the small size and large surface area of the NPs which imparts them unique properties. Inorganic oxide NPs as iron and copper oxide NPs are widely used in several biomedical and synthetic applications. The beneficial aspects of these NPs are concurrently associated with several drastic and deleterious effects as well. Size of the NPs plays a critical role in systemic clearance from the body. Initial studies have confirmed inflammatory responses in mice associated with non-biodegradable oxide NPs. The associated oxidative stress varied from mild effects to reactive oxygen species generation which can potentiate DNA damage or even induced carcinogenesis. Copper oxide NPs, in particular, induced acute toxicity and inflict neutrophil infiltration. This chapter focuses on the applicability of various in vivo techniques for studying the effect of these NPs, especially on the pulmonary system. These in vivo techniques would certainly provide a better understanding and insight into the mechanistic pathways by which these NPs interact with various organ systems in human body.
纳米技术在各个领域的应用使得各种工程纳米颗粒（NPs）的合成数量大幅增加。这些应用之所以成为可能，仅仅是因为纳米颗粒的小尺寸和大表面积赋予了它们独特的性质。无机氧化物纳米颗粒，如铁和氧化铜纳米颗粒，广泛应用于多种生物医学和合成应用中。这些纳米颗粒的有益方面同时也伴随着一些严重的有害影响。纳米颗粒的大小在其从体内的系统清除中起着关键作用。初步研究已证实，与不可生物降解的氧化物纳米颗粒相关的小鼠炎症反应。相关的氧化应激从轻微影响到活性氧生成不等，这可能会加剧DNA损伤甚至诱发癌症。特别是氧化铜纳米颗粒会引发急性毒性并导致中性粒细胞浸润。本章重点关注各种体内技术在研究这些纳米颗粒，尤其是对肺部系统影响方面的适用性。这些体内技术肯定会让人更好地理解和洞察这些纳米颗粒与人体各种器官系统相互作用的机制途径。
