Chaiken M
Institute of Animal Behavior, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102.
Dev Psychobiol. 1990 Apr;23(3):233-46. doi: 10.1002/dev.420230304.
The ontogeny of antiphonal calling was studied in free-living European starlings. Nestlings participate in three types of vocal exchanges: (1) Broodmates exchange calls while the parents are away; (2) parents and nestlings exchange calls during feeding; (3) nestlings exchange calls with parents approaching from a distance. Analysis of the temporal patterning of vocal interactions revealed call alternation and avoidance of acoustic overlap in exchanges of the first and third types. The antiphonal exchanges between parents and young develop shortly before fledgling and appear to help family groups maintain contact after the young have left the nest. Early antiphonal exchanges between broodmates are as smooth as later ones between parents and chicks, suggesting that chicks quickly attain proficiency at antiphonal interactions and do not rely on an adult partner to maintain the pattern. There are parallels with the development of vocal turn-taking in human infants.
在自由生活的欧洲椋鸟中研究了对唱鸣叫的个体发生。雏鸟参与三种类型的声音交流：（1）在父母离开时，同窝雏鸟相互交流叫声；（2）父母在喂食时与雏鸟交流叫声；（3）雏鸟与从远处靠近的父母交流叫声。对声音互动的时间模式分析表明，在第一类和第三类交流中存在叫声交替且避免声学重叠。父母与雏鸟之间的对唱交流在雏鸟离巢前不久开始发展，并且似乎有助于雏鸟离巢后家庭群体保持联系。同窝雏鸟早期的对唱交流与后来父母与雏鸟之间的对唱交流一样顺畅，这表明雏鸟能很快熟练掌握对唱互动，并且不依赖成年伙伴来维持这种模式。这与人类婴儿声音轮流的发展有相似之处。
