Region of Waterloo Waste Management Division, 925 Erb Street West, Waterloo, ON N2J 3Z4, Canada.
Waste Manag. 2013 Oct;33(10):2015-28. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.05.020. Epub 2013 Jun 22.
Landfill gas (LFG) receives a great deal of attention due to both negative and positive environmental impacts, global warming and a green energy source, respectively. However, predicting the quantity of LFG generated at a given landfill, whether active or closed is difficult due to the heterogeneities present in waste, and the lack of accurate in situ waste parameters like water content. Accordingly, ground penetrating radar (GPR) was evaluated as a tool for estimating in situ water content. Due to the large degree of subsurface heterogeneity and the electrically conductive clay cap covering landfills, both of which affect the transmission of the electromagnetic pulses, there is much scepticism concerning the use of GPR to quantify in situ water content within a municipal landfill. Two landfills were studied. The first landfill was used to develop the measurement protocols, while the second landfill provided a means of confirming these protocols. GPR measurements were initially completed using the surface GPR approach, but the lack of success led to the use of borehole (BH) GPR. Both zero offset profiling (ZOP) and multiple offset gathers (MOG) modes were tried, with the results indicating that BH GPR using the ZOP mode is the most simple and efficient method to measure in situ water content. The best results were obtained at a separation distance of 2m, where higher the water content, smaller the effective separation distance. However, an increase in water content did appear to increase the accuracy of the GPR measurements. For the effective separation distance of 2m at both landfills, the difference between GPR and lab measured water contents were reasonable at 33.9% for the drier landfill and 18.1% for the wetter landfill. Infiltration experiments also showed the potential to measure small increases in water content.
由于填埋气 (LFG) 对环境具有负面影响和正面影响，分别是全球变暖问题和绿色能源，因此受到了极大的关注。然而，由于废物存在不均匀性，并且缺乏准确的原位废物参数（如水含量），因此很难预测给定垃圾填埋场（无论是活跃的还是封闭的）产生的 LFG 量。因此，评估了探地雷达 (GPR) 作为原位含水量估算的工具。由于地下存在很大程度的不均匀性和覆盖垃圾填埋场的导电粘土帽，这两者都会影响电磁脉冲的传输，因此人们对使用 GPR 来定量测量城市垃圾填埋场内的原位含水量存在很大的怀疑。研究了两个垃圾填埋场。第一个垃圾填埋场用于开发测量协议，而第二个垃圾填埋场提供了确认这些协议的方法。最初使用表面 GPR 方法完成 GPR 测量，但由于缺乏成功，转而使用钻孔 (BH) GPR。尝试了零偏移距剖面 (ZOP) 和多偏移距采集 (MOG) 模式，结果表明，使用 ZOP 模式的 BH GPR 是测量原位含水量的最简单，最有效的方法。在分离距离为 2m 时可以获得最佳结果，在该距离下，含水量越高，有效分离距离越小。但是，含水量的增加似乎确实提高了 GPR 测量的准确性。对于两个垃圾填埋场的有效分离距离为 2m，GPR 和实验室测量的含水量之间的差异在较干燥的垃圾填埋场为 33.9%，在较潮湿的垃圾填埋场为 18.1%，这是合理的。渗透实验还表明有潜力测量含水量的微小增加。
