Liu Frederick, Steinkeler Andrew
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA.
Dent Clin North Am. 2013 Jul;57(3):465-79. doi: 10.1016/j.cden.2013.04.006.
Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a multifactorial disease process caused by muscle hyperfunction or parafunction, traumatic injuries, hormonal influences, and articular changes. Symptoms of TMD include decreased mandibular range of motion, muscle and joint pain, joint crepitus, and functional limitation or deviation of jaw opening. Only after failure of noninvasive options should more invasive and nonreversible treatments be initiated. Treatment can be divided into noninvasive, minimally invasive, and invasive options. Temporomandibular joint replacement is reserved for severely damaged joints with end-stage disease that has failed all other more conservative treatment modalities.
颞下颌关节紊乱病（TMD）是一种由肌肉功能亢进或功能异常、创伤性损伤、激素影响和关节变化引起的多因素疾病过程。TMD的症状包括下颌运动范围减小、肌肉和关节疼痛、关节弹响以及下颌开口的功能受限或偏斜。只有在无创治疗方法失败后，才应开始更具侵入性且不可逆的治疗。治疗可分为无创、微创和有创治疗方法。颞下颌关节置换术适用于患有终末期疾病且所有其他更保守治疗方式均已失败的严重受损关节。
