Whayne Thomas F
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
Angiology. 2014 Jul;65(6):459-72. doi: 10.1177/0003319713497086. Epub 2013 Jul 26.
Altitude physiology began with Paul Bert in 1878. Chronic mountain sickness (CMS) was defined by Carlos Monge in the 1940s in the Peruvian Andes as consisting of excess polycythemia. Hurtado et al performed studies in the Peruvian Andes in the 1950s to 1960s which defined acclimatization in healthy altitude natives, including polycythemia, moderate pulmonary hypertension, and low systemic blood pressure (BP). Electrocardiographic changes of right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) were noted. Acclimatization of newcomers to altitude involves hyperventilation stimulated by hypoxia and is usually benign. Acute mountain sickness (AMS) in travelers to altitude is characterized by hypoxia-induced anorexia, dyspnea, headache, insomnia, and nausea. The extremes of AMS are high-altitude cerebral edema and high-altitude pulmonary edema. The susceptible high-altitude resident can lose their tolerance to altitude and develop CMS, also referred to as Monge disease. The CMS includes extreme polycythemia, severe RVH, excess pulmonary hypertension, low systemic BP, arterial oxygen desaturation, and hypoventilation.
海拔生理学始于1878年的保罗·伯特。20世纪40年代，卡洛斯·蒙赫在秘鲁安第斯山脉将慢性高山病（CMS）定义为红细胞增多症。20世纪50年代至60年代，乌尔塔多等人在秘鲁安第斯山脉进行了研究，确定了健康的高原原住民的适应过程，包括红细胞增多症、中度肺动脉高压和低体循环血压（BP）。记录到了右心室肥大（RVH）的心电图变化。新来者对高原的适应包括由缺氧刺激引起的过度通气，通常是良性的。前往高原地区的旅行者发生的急性高山病（AMS）的特征是缺氧引起的食欲不振、呼吸困难、头痛、失眠和恶心。AMS的极端情况是高原脑水肿和高原肺水肿。易患高原病的居民可能会失去对高原的耐受性并患上CMS，也称为蒙赫病。CMS包括极度红细胞增多症、严重RVH、肺动脉高压、低体循环BP、动脉血氧饱和度降低和通气不足。
