a Department of Psychology , Calvin College , Grand Rapids , Michigan , USA.
Child Neuropsychol. 2014;20(4):470-92. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2013.819846. Epub 2013 Aug 1.
Children who have experienced deprivation as a result of orphanage care during early development are at increased risk for a number of cognitive, emotional, and social difficulties (MacLean, 2003). This study examined the neuropsychological and behavioral profile of internationally adopted children with language difficulties, one of the most common cognitive challenges (Behen et al., 2008). In addition to neuropsychological testing, fMRI was utilized to examine activation patterns during expressive fluency and receptive language tasks. In comparison to internationally adopted children without language difficulties and nonadopted controls, participants with language difficulty had worse performance on tasks of verbal memory and reasoning, academic skills, and working memory. Behaviorally, all internationally adopted participants, regardless of language ability, had more parent-reported hyperactivity and impulsivity compared with controls. The fMRI tasks revealed reduced activation in traditional language areas in participants with language difficulty. The impact of early adverse experience on later development is discussed.
在早期发展过程中经历孤儿院照顾而导致被剥夺的儿童，面临着许多认知、情感和社交困难的风险增加（MacLean，2003）。本研究检查了具有语言困难的国际收养儿童的神经心理学和行为特征，这是最常见的认知挑战之一（Behen 等人，2008）。除了神经心理学测试外，还利用 fMRI 检查了表达流畅性和接受性语言任务期间的激活模式。与没有语言困难的国际收养儿童和未收养的对照组相比，有语言困难的参与者在语言记忆和推理、学业技能和工作记忆任务上的表现更差。行为上，所有国际收养的参与者，无论语言能力如何，与对照组相比，父母报告的多动和冲动更多。fMRI 任务显示，有语言困难的参与者在传统语言区域的激活减少。讨论了早期不良经历对后期发展的影响。
