CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Conservation Decision Team, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia.
Glob Chang Biol. 2014 Feb;20(2):382-93. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12345. Epub 2013 Dec 26.
Regrowing forests on cleared land is a key strategy to achieve both biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation globally. Maximizing these co-benefits, however, remains theoretically and technically challenging because of the complex relationship between carbon sequestration and biodiversity in forests, the strong influence of climate variability and landscape position on forest development, the large number of restoration strategies possible, and long time-frames needed to declare success. Through the synthesis of three decades of knowledge on forest dynamics and plant functional traits combined with decision science, we demonstrate that we cannot always maximize carbon sequestration by simply increasing the functional trait diversity of trees planted. The relationships between plant functional diversity, carbon sequestration rates above ground and in the soil are dependent on climate and landscape positions. We show how to manage 'identities' and 'complementarities' between plant functional traits to achieve systematically maximal cobenefits in various climate and landscape contexts. We provide examples of optimal planting and thinning rules that satisfy this ecological strategy and guide the restoration of forests that are rich in both carbon and plant functional diversity. Our framework provides the first mechanistic approach for generating decision-makingrules that can be used to manage forests for multiple objectives, and supports joined carbon credit and biodiversity conservation initiatives, such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation REDD+. The decision framework can also be linked to species distribution models and socio-economic models to find restoration solutions that maximize simultaneously biodiversity, carbon stocks, and other ecosystem services across landscapes. Our study provides the foundation for developing and testing cost-effective and adaptable forest management rules to achieve biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and other socio-economic co-benefits under global change.
在已开垦土地上重新造林是实现全球生物多样性保护和减缓气候变化的关键策略。然而，由于森林碳封存和生物多样性之间的复杂关系、气候变异性和景观位置对森林发育的强烈影响、可能的恢复策略数量众多以及宣布成功所需的长时间框架，最大限度地实现这些共同效益在理论和技术上仍然具有挑战性。通过对森林动态和植物功能特性的三十年知识的综合，以及决策科学，我们证明，我们不能总是通过简单地增加种植树木的功能特性多样性来最大限度地提高碳封存。植物功能多样性、地上和土壤中碳固存率之间的关系取决于气候和景观位置。我们展示了如何管理植物功能特性之间的“身份”和“互补性”，以在各种气候和景观背景下系统地实现最大的共同效益。我们提供了满足这种生态策略并指导富碳和植物功能多样性森林恢复的最佳种植和间伐规则的示例。我们的框架提供了一种生成决策规则的机制方法，这些规则可用于管理多目标森林，并支持碳信用和生物多样性保护倡议，例如减少森林砍伐和森林退化所致排放（REDD+）。决策框架还可以与物种分布模型和社会经济模型相结合，以找到同时最大化生物多样性、碳储量和其他生态系统服务的恢复解决方案，跨越景观。我们的研究为制定和测试具有成本效益和适应性的森林管理规则提供了基础，以实现全球变化下的生物多样性、碳封存和其他社会经济共同效益。
