King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
Sensors (Basel). 2013 Aug 2;13(8):9878-95. doi: 10.3390/s130809878.
Ultra-low power radio frequency (RF) transceivers used in short-range application such as wireless sensor networks (WSNs) require efficient, reliable and fully integrated transmitter architectures with minimal building blocks. This paper presents the design, implementation and performance evaluation of single-chip, fully integrated 2.4 GHz and 433 MHz RF transmitters using direct-modulation power voltage-controlled oscillators (PVCOs) in addition to a 2.0 GHz phase-locked loop (PLL) based transmitter. All three RF transmitters have been fabricated in a standard mixed-signal CMOS 0.18 µm technology. Measurement results of the 2.4 GHz transmitter show an improvement in drain efficiency from 27% to 36%. The 2.4 GHz and 433 MHz transmitters deliver an output power of 8 dBm with a phase noise of -122 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset, while drawing 15.4 mA of current and an output power of 6.5 dBm with a phase noise of -120 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset, while drawing 20.8 mA of current from 1.5 V power supplies, respectively. The PLL transmitter delivers an output power of 9 mW with a locking range of 128 MHz and consumes 26 mA from 1.8 V power supply. The experimental results demonstrate that the RF transmitters can be efficiently used in low power WSN applications.
超低压射频 (RF) 收发器用于短距离应用，如无线传感器网络 (WSN)，需要高效、可靠和完全集成的发射器架构，使用最小的构建块。本文介绍了使用直接调制功率压控振荡器 (PVCO) 设计、实现和性能评估的单芯片、完全集成的 2.4 GHz 和 433 MHz RF 发射器，以及基于 2.0 GHz 锁相环 (PLL) 的发射器。所有三个 RF 发射器均采用标准混合信号 CMOS 0.18 µm 技术制造。2.4 GHz 发射器的测量结果显示，漏极效率从 27%提高到 36%。2.4 GHz 和 433 MHz 发射器在 1 MHz 偏移时提供 8 dBm 的输出功率和-122 dBc/Hz 的相位噪声，而在 1.5 V 电源下分别消耗 15.4 mA 的电流和 6.5 dBm 的输出功率和-120 dBc/Hz 的相位噪声，在 1.5 V 电源下分别消耗 15.4 mA 的电流和 6.5 dBm 的输出功率和-120 dBc/Hz 的相位噪声。PLL 发射器在 1.8 V 电源下提供 9 mW 的输出功率，锁定范围为 128 MHz，消耗 26 mA。实验结果表明，RF 发射器可有效地用于低功耗 WSN 应用。
