Induction of lymphoma and osteosarcoma in mice by single and protracted low alpha doses.

Internal doses from the short-lived alpha-emitter 22Ra were given to 4-wk-old female NMRI mice. One group of about 300 animals received a single injection of 18.5 kBq 22Ra kg-1 body weight, corresponding to a mean skeletal alpha dose of 0.15 Gy. A second group of about 300 animals received the same total amount of 224Ra in the form of 72 fractions of 257 Bq kg-1 each, applied twice weekly during 36 wk. The fractionated group received the same final mean total skeletal dose of 0.15 Gy as the single injected group, but with a mean skeletal dose rate of 1 mGy d-1. A rather high incidence, 13.5% (40/296), of early malignant lymphomas was observed in the fractionated group during and shortly after the injection period, followed by a 7% incidence (21/296) of osteosarcomas during the second half of the animals' lifetime. The group with a single injection did not develop early lymphomas but did develop osteosarcomas later with an incidence of 5.8% (17/295). The occurrence of osteosarcomas was similar up to day 800 in the two experimental groups. Surprisingly, however, after this period no additional case of osteosarcoma was observed in the single-injected group, whereas one-third of all osteosarcomas occurred after day 800 in the protracted group. The additional later occurrence of osteosarcomas occurred after indicates a longer lasting induction effect on osteosarcomas, or a promoting effect in older age, for this kind of treatment.