Columbia Environmental Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America.
PLoS One. 2013 Aug 14;8(8):e73829. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073829. eCollection 2013.
As bighead carp Hypophthalmichthysnobilis and silver carp H. molitrix (the bigheaded carps) are poised to enter the Laurentian Great Lakes and potentially damage the region's economically important fishery, information on developmental rates and behaviors of carps is critical to assessing their ability to establish sustainable populations within the Great Lakes basin. In laboratory experiments, the embryonic and larval developmental rates, size, and behaviors of bigheaded carp were tracked at two temperature treatments, one "cold" and one "warm". Developmental rates were computed using previously described stages of development and the cumulative thermal unit method. Both species have similar thermal requirements, with a minimum developmental temperature for embryonic stages of 12.1° C for silver carp and 12.9° C for bighead carp, and 13.3° C for silver carp larval stages and 13.4° C for bighead carp larval stages. Egg size differed among species and temperature treatments, as egg size was larger in bighead carp, and "warm" temperature treatments. The larvae started robust upwards vertical swimming immediately after hatching, interspersed with intervals of sinking. Vertical swimming tubes were used to measure water column distribution, and ascent and descent rates of vertically swimming fish. Water column distribution and ascent and descent rates changed with ontogeny. Water column distribution also showed some diel periodicity. Developmental rates, size, and behaviors contribute to the drift distance needed to fulfill the early life history requirements of bigheaded carps and can be used in conjunction with transport information to assess invasibility of a river.
当鳙鱼 Hypophthalmichthys nobilis 和鲢鱼 H. molitrix（大头鱼）准备进入 Laurentian 大湖并可能破坏该地区经济重要的渔业时，关于鲤鱼发育速度和行为的信息对于评估它们在大湖流域建立可持续种群的能力至关重要。在实验室实验中，大头鱼的胚胎和幼虫发育速度、大小和行为在两种温度处理下进行了跟踪，一种是“冷”处理，另一种是“暖”处理。发育速度使用先前描述的发育阶段和累积热单位方法进行计算。两个物种的热需求相似，银鱼胚胎阶段的最小发育温度为 12.1°C，大头鱼为 12.9°C，银鱼幼虫阶段为 13.3°C，大头鱼幼虫阶段为 13.4°C。物种间和温度处理间的卵大小存在差异，大头鱼的卵较大，且“暖”温度处理的卵较大。幼虫孵化后立即开始强壮的向上垂直游泳，间歇性下沉。垂直游泳管用于测量水柱分布以及垂直游泳鱼类的上升和下降速度。水柱分布和上升下降速度随个体发生而变化。水柱分布也显示出一些昼夜周期性。发育速度、大小和行为有助于满足大头鱼早期生活史要求的漂流距离，可以与运输信息结合使用，以评估河流的入侵性。
