Department of Electronic Engineering, Computers, and Automatic, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain.
Sensors (Basel). 2013 Sep 4;13(9):11709-27. doi: 10.3390/s130911709.
A new digital countermeasure against attacks related to the clock frequency is presented. This countermeasure, known as frequency sensor, consists of a local oscillator, a transition detector, a measurement element and an output block. The countermeasure has been designed using a full-custom technique implemented in an Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), and the implementation has been verified and characterized with an integrated design using a 0.35 mm standard Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology (Very Large Scale Implementation-VLSI implementation). The proposed solution is configurable in resolution time and allowed range of period, achieving a minimum resolution time of only 1.91 ns and an initialization time of 5.84 ns. The proposed VLSI implementation shows better results than other solutions, such as digital ones based on semi-custom techniques and analog ones based on band pass filters, all design parameters considered. Finally, a counter has been used to verify the good performance of the countermeasure in avoiding the success of an attack.
提出了一种新的针对与时钟频率相关的攻击的数字对策。这种对策称为频率传感器，由本地振荡器、转换检测器、测量元件和输出块组成。该对策采用全定制技术在专用集成电路 (ASIC) 中实现，使用 0.35 毫米标准互补金属氧化物半导体 (CMOS) 技术 (超大规模实现-VLSI 实现) 进行集成设计进行了验证和特性描述。所提出的解决方案在分辨率时间和允许的周期范围内可配置，实现了仅 1.91 ns 的最小分辨率时间和 5.84 ns 的初始化时间。所提出的 VLSI 实现比其他解决方案（如基于半定制技术的数字解决方案和基于带通滤波器的模拟解决方案）具有更好的结果，所有设计参数均已考虑在内。最后，使用计数器验证了对策在避免攻击成功方面的良好性能。
