癫痫全面强直-阵挛发作的年龄特异性发作期电临床特征和癫痫猝死(SUDEP)的潜在风险。

Age-specific periictal electroclinical features of generalized tonic-clonic seizures and potential risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP).

机构信息

Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Neurology Department, Hospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Largo Professor Abel Salazar, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal.

出版信息

Epilepsy Behav. 2013 Nov;29(2):289-94. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.08.010. Epub 2013 Sep 5.

Abstract

Generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS) is the commonest seizure type associated with sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). This study examined the semiological and electroencephalographic differences (EEG) in the GTCSs of adults as compared with those of children. The rationale lies on epidemiological observations that have noted a tenfold higher incidence of SUDEP in adults. We analyzed the video-EEG data of 105 GTCS events in 61 consecutive patients (12 children, 23 seizure events and 49 adults, 82 seizure events) recruited from the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit. Semiological, EEG, and 3-channel EKG features were studied. Periictal seizure phase durations were analyzed including tonic, clonic, total seizure, postictal EEG suppression (PGES), and recovery phases. Heart rate variability (HRV) measures including RMSSD (root mean square successive difference of RR intervals), SDNN (standard deviation of NN intervals), and SDSD (standard deviation of differences) were analyzed (including low frequency/high frequency power ratios) during preictal baseline and ictal and postictal phases. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were used to find associations between electroclinical features. Separate subgroup analyses were carried out on adult and pediatric age groups as well as medication groups (no antiepileptic medication cessation versus unchanged or reduced medication) during admission. Major differences were seen in adult and pediatric seizures with total seizure duration, tonic phase, PGES, and recovery phases being significantly shorter in children (p<0.01). Generalized estimating equation analysis, using tonic phase duration as the dependent variable, found age to correlate significantly (p<0.001), and this remained significant during subgroup analysis (adults and children) such that each 0.12-second increase in tonic phase duration correlated with a 1-second increase in PGES duration. Postictal EEG suppression durations were on average 28s shorter in children. With cessation of medication, total seizure duration was significantly increased by a mean value of 8s in children and 11s in adults (p<0.05). Tonic phase duration also significantly increased with medication cessation, and although PGES durations increased, this was not significant. Root mean square successive difference was negatively correlated with PGES duration (longer PGES durations were associated with decreased vagally mediated heart rate variability; p<0.05) but not with tonic phase duration. This study clearly points out identifiable electroclinical differences between adult and pediatric GTCSs that may be relevant in explaining lower SUDEP risk in children. The findings suggest that some prolonged seizure phases and prolonged PGES duration may be electroclinical markers of SUDEP risk and merit further study.

摘要

全面性强直阵挛发作(GTCS)是与癫痫相关的突发性意外死亡(SUDEP)最常见的发作类型。本研究比较了成人与儿童 GTCS 的症状学和脑电图差异(EEG)。其理论依据是流行病学观察发现,成人的 SUDEP 发病率高十倍。我们分析了从癫痫监测单元招募的 61 例连续患者(12 名儿童,23 次发作和 49 名成人,82 次发作)的 105 次 GTCS 视频-脑电图数据。研究了症状学、脑电图和 3 通道心电图特征。分析了发作期持续时间,包括强直期、阵挛期、总发作期、发作后脑电图抑制(PGES)和恢复期。在发作前基线期、发作期和发作后期分析了心率变异性(HRV)测量值,包括 RMSSD(RR 间期的均方根连续差值)、SDNN(NN 间期的标准差)和 SDSD(差值的标准差)(包括低频/高频功率比)。使用广义估计方程(GEE)发现电临床特征之间的关联。在成年和儿科年龄组以及入院期间的药物治疗组(无抗癫痫药物停药与不变或减少药物)中分别进行了亚组分析。成人和儿童之间存在明显差异,儿童的总发作持续时间、强直期、PGES 和恢复期明显较短(p<0.01)。使用强直期持续时间作为因变量的广义估计方程分析发现年龄具有显著相关性(p<0.001),并且在亚组分析(成人和儿童)中仍然显著,即强直期持续时间每增加 0.12 秒,PGES 持续时间就会增加 1 秒。PGES 后脑电图抑制持续时间平均缩短 28 秒。停药后,儿童的总发作持续时间平均增加 8 秒,成人增加 11 秒(p<0.05)。停药后,强直期持续时间也明显增加,尽管 PGES 持续时间增加,但无统计学意义。PGES 持续时间与心率变异性呈负相关(PGES 持续时间较长与迷走神经介导的心率变异性降低有关;p<0.05),但与强直期持续时间无关。本研究清楚地指出了成人和儿童 GTCS 之间可识别的电临床差异,这可能有助于解释儿童较低的 SUDEP 风险。研究结果表明,一些延长的发作期和延长的 PGES 持续时间可能是 SUDEP 风险的电临床标志物,值得进一步研究。

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