1 Depto. de Fisiología y Bioquímica de la Nutrición Animal (INAN, EEZ, CSIC), Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
Animal. 2013 Nov;7(11):1779-88. doi: 10.1017/S1751731113001572. Epub 2013 Sep 10.
In vitro and in vivo experiments were designed to evaluate the effectiveness of laboratory-made di-d-fructose dianhydride (DFA)-enriched caramels. The DFA-enriched caramels were obtained from d-fructose (FC), d-fructose and sucrose (FSC), or d-fructose and β-cyclodextrin (FCDC). In the in vitro experiment, raftilose and all caramels increased (P<0.05) l-lactate concentration and decreased (P<0.05) pH. Total short-chain fatty acid concentration was higher (P<0.05) than controls in tubes containing raftilose, FSC, FCDC and commercial sucrose caramel (CSC). Raftilose, and all caramels tested except FSC and FC (1%), increased (P<0.01) lactobacilli log10 number of copies compared with the non-additive control. FSC, FCDC and CSC increased (P<0.01) the bifidobacteria number of copies as compared with controls. All additives, except FCDC, decreased (P<0.01) Clostridium coccoides/Eubacterium rectale log number of copies. Compared with controls, raftilose, FC and CSC led to lower (P<0.01) Escherichia-Shigella and enterobacteria. For the in vivo experiment, a total of 144 male 1-day-old broiler chickens of the Cobb strain were randomly assigned to one of the three dietary treatments for 21 days. Dietary treatments were control (commercial diet with no additive), inulin (20 g inulin/kg diet) and FC (20 g FC/kg diet). Final BW of birds fed FC diet was higher (P<0.01) than controls or inulin-fed birds, although feed: gain values were not different. Feed intake of chickens fed FC was higher (P<0.01) than that of inulin-fed birds but not statistically different from controls. Crop pH values were lower (P<0.01) in birds fed FC diet as compared with control diet, with inulin-fed chickens showing values not different from control- or FC-fed birds. Lower (P<0.05) lactobacilli number of copies was determined in the crop, ileum and caeca of birds fed the inulin diet compared with the control diet. Inulin supplementation also resulted in lower (P<0.05) C. coccoides/E. rectale, bacteroides and total bacteria in caecal contents. Addition of FC to broiler diets gave place to lower (P<0.05) enterobacteria and Escherichia-Shigella in crop and caecal contents compared with controls. The bacteroides number of copies increased (P<0.05) as compared with controls in the ileum, but decreased (P<0.05) in the caeca of chickens fed the FC diet. Energy, ADF, NDF and non-starch polysaccharides faecal digestibilities were greater (P<0.05) than controls in chickens fed diets containing inulin or FC. Fat digestibility was higher (P<0.05) in FC-fed birds compared with controls or inulin-fed chickens. In conclusion, DFA-enriched caramels tested here, particularly FC, may represent a type of new additives useful in poultry production.
设计了体外和体内实验来评估实验室制造的二-d-果糖二酐（DFA）丰富焦糖的效果。DFA 丰富的焦糖是从 d-果糖（FC）、d-果糖和蔗糖（FSC）或 d-果糖和 β-环糊精（FCDC）获得的。在体外实验中，raftilose 和所有焦糖都增加了（P<0.05）l-乳酸浓度并降低了（P<0.05）pH 值。与对照相比，管中含有 raftilose、FSC、FCDC 和商业蔗糖焦糖（CSC）的总短链脂肪酸浓度更高（P<0.05）。与非添加剂对照相比，raftilose 和所有测试的焦糖（除了 FSC 和 FC 1%）都增加了（P<0.01）乳酸菌对数拷贝数。FSC、FCDC 和 CSC 与对照相比增加了（P<0.01）双歧杆菌的数量。除了 FCDC 之外，所有添加剂都降低了（P<0.01）梭状芽胞杆菌/真杆菌对数拷贝数。与对照相比，raftilose、FC 和 CSC 导致更低（P<0.01）的大肠杆菌/志贺氏菌和肠杆菌。对于体内实验，总共 144 只 1 日龄雄性科布肉鸡被随机分配到三种饮食处理中的一种，持续 21 天。饮食处理分别为对照（无添加剂的商业饮食）、菊粉（饮食中添加 20 克菊粉）和 FC（饮食中添加 20 克 FC）。饲喂 FC 饮食的鸟类的最终体重（BW）高于（P<0.01）对照组或菊粉喂养组，尽管饲料：增重值没有差异。饲喂 FC 的鸡的采食量高于（P<0.01）菊粉喂养的鸡，但与对照组没有统计学差异。与对照组相比，饲喂 FC 饮食的鸡的嗉囊 pH 值较低（P<0.01），而菊粉喂养的鸡的 pH 值与对照组或 FC 喂养的鸡没有差异。与对照组相比，饲喂菊粉的鸡的嗉囊、回肠和盲肠中的乳酸菌数量减少（P<0.05）。与对照组相比，菊粉的添加也导致盲肠内容物中的梭状芽胞杆菌/真杆菌、拟杆菌和总细菌减少（P<0.05）。与对照组相比，在饲喂 FC 饮食的鸡的嗉囊和盲肠内容物中，肠杆菌和大肠杆菌/志贺氏菌的数量也较低（P<0.05）。与对照组相比，在回肠中，拟杆菌的数量增加（P<0.05），但在饲喂 FC 饮食的鸡的盲肠中减少（P<0.05）。与对照组相比，饲喂含有菊粉或 FC 的饮食的鸡的能量、ADF、NDF 和非淀粉多糖粪便消化率更高（P<0.05）。与对照组相比，饲喂 FC 的鸡的脂肪消化率更高（P<0.05）。总之，这里测试的 DFA 丰富的焦糖，特别是 FC，可能代表了一种在家禽生产中有用的新型添加剂。
