School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Sci Total Environ. 2014 Feb 1;470-471:1509-16. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.010. Epub 2013 Sep 7.
The influence of industrial and/or municipal contaminant inputs on the aquatic environment of Pohang, Korea was investigated, with a focus on bioassay combined with instrumental analysis. Pohang is the most heavily populated city in Gyeongsangbuk-do province of Korea, with more than half a million residents, and also hosts the nation's biggest steel manufacturer and related industries. Sediment (n=15) and surface water samples (n=17) were collected from Hyeongsan River which runs across the Pohang city, in two separate events, i.e., June 2010 and February 2011. Sediment samples were first Soxhlet-extracted (raw extract) and were measured for estrogenicity using H295R cell line, and also analyzed for alkylphenols (APs), bisphenol A (BPA), PAHs, and PCBs. For sediment samples which exhibited greatest effects in the cell line, further fractionation was performed into non-polar, mid-polar, and polar portions. In surface water samples, heavy metals were also analyzed. Among 15 sediment samples, station S2 near the steel industry complex and station M3 near the municipal area showed the greatest sex hormone changes, and these changes were generally explained by the fractions which contained APs and BPA. Principal component analysis (PCA) however suggests that chemicals that were not analyzed in the present study would better explain endocrine disruption capacity of sediments. In water samples, adverse effects on hatchability and growth of Japanese medaka fish, and on Daphnia reproduction were noted following exposure to six water samples collected from stations near industrial and municipal areas. Several heavy metals and nonylphenol (NP) concentrations exceeded surface water quality guidelines, suggesting adverse effects of contamination inputs from both industrial and municipal activities. Observed estrogenicities in stations such as S2 and M3 warrant further investigations on longer term ecosystem impacts near industrial and municipal areas. The levels of major organic chemicals in sediments are quite comparable to those reported in ~10 years ago, emphasizing a need for source control.
本研究以生物测定与仪器分析相结合的方法,调查了韩国浦项市工业和/或城市污染物输入对水生态环境的影响。浦项是韩国庆尚北道人口最多的城市,拥有超过 50 万居民,也是韩国最大的钢铁制造商和相关产业的所在地。本研究于 2010 年 6 月和 2011 年 2 月分两次在横穿浦项市的熊川采集了沉积物(n=15)和地表水样本(n=17)。首先对沉积物样本进行索氏提取(原始提取物),并使用 H295R 细胞系测定其雌激素活性,同时还分析了烷基酚(APs)、双酚 A(BPA)、多环芳烃(PAHs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)。对于在细胞系中表现出最大效应的沉积物样本,进一步分为非极性、中极性和极性部分。在地表水样本中,还分析了重金属。在 15 个沉积物样本中,靠近钢铁工业区的 S2 站和靠近市区的 M3 站显示出最大的性激素变化,这些变化通常可以用含有 APs 和 BPA 的部分来解释。然而,主成分分析(PCA)表明,本研究中未分析的化学物质可以更好地解释沉积物的内分泌干扰能力。在水样中,从靠近工业和市区的六个采样点采集的水样暴露后,对日本青鳉鱼的孵化率和生长以及大型蚤的繁殖均产生了不良影响。几种重金属和壬基酚(NP)浓度超过了地表水质量标准,表明工业和城市活动的污染输入存在不良影响。在 S2 和 M3 等采样点观察到的雌激素活性表明,需要对工业和市区附近的生态系统进行更长期的影响调查。沉积物中主要有机化学品的水平与 10 年前报道的水平相当,这强调了需要进行源头控制。