National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, PO Box 11 115, Hamilton 3251, New Zealand.
Sci Total Environ. 2014 Jan 15;468-469:202-10. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.039. Epub 2013 Sep 9.
Increasing urbanisation in the future will put mounting stresses on the receiving environments around those urban centres due to increased sedimentation and contaminant runoff. Emerging contaminants (ECs) are an extensive array of chemicals and many are not under regulatory action. Within New Zealand likely future pressures from ECs will be in both urban centres and rural areas due to intensive agriculture, although at present there is a lack of information on the state of the environment in both sectors. This study was initiated to gauge the distribution of ECs in the urban environment by measuring concentrations of flame retardants, plasticisers, alkylphenols, herbicides and pesticides, steroid oestrogens, pharmaceuticals and heavy metals in sediment from 13 estuarine sites around Auckland, New Zealand's biggest city. Total polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardant concentrations ((7)ΣPBDE) ranged from 0.55 to 573 ng/g (dw). The phthalate plasticiser di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) was measured at up to 11,500 ng/g from one site. Nonylphenol (NP) was found at up to 32,000 ng/g at one site adjacent to the city's major wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). However, median concentrations of NP were 153 ng/g, suggesting this site was not representative of the region. Nonylphenol mono- and di-ethoxylates (NPEO1,2) had highest concentrations (1600 ng/g) at a marina. Highest glyphosate concentrations (up to 950 ng/g) were observed at residential sites. Steroid oestrogens were detected at extremely low concentrations (maximum 2.2 ng/g), while all other pesticides or herbicides were not detected at any sites. Multi-residue analysis of 46 pharmaceuticals showed presence of 21 compounds at one or more sites, with average concentrations ranging from 0.16 to 7.66 ng/g. Generally, environmental concentrations of ECs were similar to those reported world-wide. However, comparisons for pharmaceuticals were problematic, due to very few studies on pharmaceutical concentrations in estuarine sediments, with most focussed on sewage and stream water phases.
未来城市化的发展将给这些城市中心周边的接收环境带来越来越大的压力，因为城市化发展会导致泥沙淤积和污染物径流增加。新兴污染物（ECs）是一系列广泛的化学物质，其中许多都没有受到监管。由于集约化农业，新西兰未来的压力可能会出现在城市中心和农村地区，尽管目前这两个部门的环境状况信息都很缺乏。本研究旨在通过测量新西兰最大城市奥克兰周边 13 个河口地点沉积物中阻燃剂、增塑剂、烷基酚、除草剂和杀虫剂、甾体雌激素、药物和重金属的浓度，来评估城市环境中 ECs 的分布情况。多溴二苯醚（PBDE）阻燃剂总浓度（（7）ΣPBDE）范围为 0.55 至 573 ng/g（干重）。邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）在一个地点的浓度高达 11,500 ng/g。壬基酚（NP）在一个紧邻城市主要污水处理厂（WWTP）的地点浓度高达 32,000 ng/g。然而，NP 的中位数浓度为 153 ng/g，表明该地点不能代表该地区的情况。壬基酚单乙氧基和二乙氧基化合物（NPEO1,2）在一个码头的浓度最高（1600 ng/g）。在住宅地点观察到草甘膦的浓度最高（高达 950 ng/g）。类固醇雌激素的浓度极低（最高 2.2 ng/g），而其他农药或除草剂在任何地点均未检出。46 种药物的多残留分析显示，一种或多种地点存在 21 种化合物，平均浓度范围为 0.16 至 7.66 ng/g。总的来说，ECs 的环境浓度与世界范围内报告的浓度相似。然而，由于在河口沉积物中对药物浓度的研究很少，大多数研究都集中在污水和溪流水中，因此药物的比较存在问题。
