Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
Sci Total Environ. 2014 Jan 15;468-469:280-91. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.080. Epub 2013 Sep 10.
Noise is a serious stressor affecting the health of millions of citizens. It has been suggested that disturbance by noise is responsible for a substantial part of the damage to human health. However, no recommended approach to address noise impacts was proposed by the handbook for life cycle assessment (LCA) of the European Commission, nor are characterisation factors (CFs) and appropriate inventory data available in commonly used databases. This contribution provides CFs to allow for the quantification of noise impacts on human health in the LCA framework. Noise propagation standards and international reports on acoustics and noise impacts were used to define the model parameters. Spatial data was used to calculate spatially-defined CFs in the form of 10-by-10-km maps. The results of this analysis were combined with data from the literature to select input data for representative archetypal situations of emission (e.g. urban day with a frequency of 63 Hz, rural night at 8000 Hz, etc.). A total of 32 spatial and 216 archetypal CFs were produced to evaluate noise impacts at a European level (i.e. EU27). The possibility of a user-defined characterisation factor was added to support the possibility of portraying the situation of full availability of information, as well as a highly-localised impact analysis. A Monte Carlo-based quantitative global sensitivity analysis method was applied to evaluate the importance of the input factors in determining the variance of the output. The factors produced are ready to be implemented in the available LCA databases and software. The spatial approach and archetypal approach may be combined and selected according to the amount of information available and the life cycle under study. The framework proposed and used for calculations is flexible enough to be expanded to account for impacts on target subjects other than humans and to continents other than Europe.
噪声是一种严重的应激源，影响着数以百万计公民的健康。有人认为，噪声干扰是造成人类健康损害的一个重要因素。然而，欧盟生命周期评估手册（LCA）并没有提出解决噪声影响的建议方法，常用数据库中也没有特征化因子（CFs）和适当的清单数据。本研究提供了 CFs，以在 LCA 框架内量化噪声对人类健康的影响。噪声传播标准和国际声学和噪声影响报告被用来定义模型参数。空间数据被用来计算以 10x10km 地图形式表示的空间定义 CFs。对这些分析结果进行组合，并结合文献中的数据，选择代表性排放情况的输入数据（例如，63Hz 的城市日、8000Hz 的农村夜等）。总共产生了 32 个空间 CFs 和 216 个典型 CFs，以评估欧洲水平（即欧盟 27 国）的噪声影响。还添加了用户定义特征化因子的可能性，以支持充分利用信息的情况以及高度本地化的影响分析。应用基于蒙特卡罗的定量全局灵敏度分析方法来评估输入因素对输出方差的重要性。所产生的因子已经准备好可在现有的 LCA 数据库和软件中实施。可以根据可用信息量和研究的生命周期，结合和选择空间方法和典型方法。所提出并用于计算的框架足够灵活，可以扩展到考虑对人类以外的目标人群和欧洲以外的大陆的影响。
