Pulpal responses to ionomer cements--biological characteristics.

When glass ionomer cements were initially introduced, the pulpal responses were considered milder relative to other cements. However, the results mainly came from the application of glass ionomer cements as restorative materials. When ultimately tested with the basic laws of biocompatibility required of other cements, especially a luting agents, little difference has been shown. The judicious use of calcium hydroxide is highly recommended.