University of Wisconsin-Madison.
IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph. 2013 Dec;19(12):2356-65. doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2013.130.
Proposals to establish a 'science of interaction' have been forwarded from Information Visualization and Visual Analytics, as well as Cartography, Geovisualization, and GIScience. This paper reports on two studies to contribute to this call for an interaction science, with the goal of developing a functional taxonomy of interaction primitives for map-based visualization. A semi-structured interview study first was conducted with 21 expert interactive map users to understand the way in which map-based visualizations currently are employed. The interviews were transcribed and coded to identify statements representative of either the task the user wished to accomplish (i.e., objective primitives) or the interactive functionality included in the visualization to achieve this task (i.e., operator primitives). A card sorting study then was conducted with 15 expert interactive map designers to organize these example statements into logical structures based on their experience translating client requests into interaction designs. Example statements were supplemented with primitive definitions in the literature and were separated into two sorting exercises: objectives and operators. The objective sort suggested five objectives that increase in cognitive sophistication (identify, compare, rank, associate, & delineate), but exhibited a large amount of variation across participants due to consideration of broader user goals (procure, predict, & prescribe) and interaction operands (space-alone, attributes-in-space, & space-in-time; elementary & general). The operator sort suggested five enabling operators (import, export, save, edit, & annotate) and twelve work operators (reexpress, arrange, sequence, resymbolize, overlay, pan, zoom, reproject, search, filter, retrieve, & calculate). This taxonomy offers an empirically-derived and ecologically-valid structure to inform future research and design on interaction.
从信息可视化和可视分析，以及制图学、地理可视化和 GIScience 中提出了建立“交互科学”的建议。本文报告了两项研究，以响应这一呼吁，为交互科学做出贡献，目标是为基于地图的可视化开发交互基元的功能分类法。首先进行了一项带有 21 名专家交互式地图用户的半结构化访谈研究，以了解当前使用基于地图的可视化的方式。对访谈进行了转录和编码，以确定代表用户希望完成的任务（即目标基元）或可视化中包含的用于实现该任务的交互功能（即操作基元）的陈述。然后，对 15 名专家交互式地图设计师进行了卡片分类研究，根据他们将客户请求转换为交互设计的经验，将这些示例语句组织成逻辑结构。示例语句辅以文献中的基元定义，并分为两个排序练习：目标和操作符。目标排序提出了五个认知复杂度递增的目标（识别、比较、排序、关联和描绘），但由于考虑了更广泛的用户目标（采购、预测和规定）和交互操作数（空间、属性空间和时间；基本和通用），参与者之间存在很大差异。操作符排序提出了五个启用操作符（导入、导出、保存、编辑和注释）和十二个工作操作符（重新表达、排列、排序、重新符号化、叠加、平移、缩放、重投影、搜索、过滤、检索和计算）。该分类法提供了一种经验上得出且具有生态有效性的结构，以指导未来的交互研究和设计。
