Treatment of the classical manifestations of dementia and confusion.

Treatment of dementia or confusion relies substantially upon accurate diagnosis. Common causes of acute confusion are described and a summary provided of their usual treatments. The coexistence of dementia and depressive illness is considered and the clinical distinction between depression and depressive 'pseudo-dementia' is made. The classical manifestations of dementia and confusion (agitation, depression, and sleep disturbance) are discussed. Clinical guidelines are set out for the administration of neuroleptics, antidepressants or hypnotics in the care of the demented or confused patient.