Nichols C A, Sens M A
Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425.
Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1990 Mar;11(1):17-34. doi: 10.1097/00000433-199003000-00003.
Fragments of tissue, intermediate targets, and debris related to firing are embedded in the fine striations and deforming edges of bullets. Because most of these fragments are too small to visualize and process as histologic sections, this material is usually washed away when the projectiles are cleaned following removal at autopsy. By preserving the rinsing material that results from routine cleaning of projectiles, it may be possible to evaluate adherent material from the bullet by cytologic techniques, including filter preparations, cell blocks, and smears of macroscopic tissue fragments. Bullet-wash cytology produced cellular elements, tissue fragments, and inert material from intermediate targets. Different tissue elements could be documented with a given projectile; this information could be utilized to document the path of a bullet through the body or intermediate target. This initial study suggests that low- and high-velocity projectiles produce different types of tissue debris, with much more fragmentation and scarcity of cellular components in the high-velocity rounds. Inert material, resulting from intermediate targets, such as clothing, as well as gunshot residue on the bullet or debris from the barrel could be distinguished on preparations. There was a difference in tissue representation of adherent material on the bullet; connective tissue, mesothelial coverings, and fragments from organs with higher elastic and cohesive properties were seen with much greater frequency on the filters than were loosely cohesive and friable organs such as liver and spleen. The cytologic preparations from projectile washings reflect both the path taken by the bullet and the ballistic damage to the organs. Thus, the cytologic evaluation of bullet washings may be useful in the incorporation of gunshot wound evaluation to support documentation of the trajectory of the projectile.
与射击相关的组织碎片、中间靶点和碎屑嵌入子弹的细微条纹和变形边缘中。由于这些碎片大多太小，无法作为组织学切片进行观察和处理，因此在尸检取出子弹后进行清洗时，这些物质通常会被冲走。通过保存子弹常规清洗产生的冲洗材料，有可能通过细胞学技术评估子弹上附着的物质，包括滤膜制备、细胞块和宏观组织碎片涂片。子弹冲洗细胞学从中间靶点产生细胞成分组织碎片和惰性物质。对于给定的子弹，可以记录不同的组织成分；这些信息可用于记录子弹在体内或中间靶点的路径。这项初步研究表明，低速和高速子弹产生不同类型的组织碎屑，高速子弹中的碎片更多，细胞成分更少。可以在制备物上区分来自中间靶点（如衣物）的惰性物质，以及子弹上的枪击残留物或枪管碎片。子弹上附着物质的组织表现存在差异；在滤膜上，结缔组织、间皮覆盖物以及来自具有较高弹性和内聚性器官的碎片出现的频率比肝脏和脾脏等内聚性松散且易碎的器官高得多。子弹冲洗液的细胞学制备既反映了子弹的路径，也反映了对器官的弹道损伤。因此，子弹冲洗液的细胞学评估可能有助于纳入枪伤评估，以支持记录子弹的轨迹。
