University of California Berkeley , Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Energy Analyses & Environmental Impacts Department, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2013;47(21):12284-90. doi: 10.1021/es402093q. Epub 2013 Oct 23.
A long-term local cooling trend in surface air temperature has been monitored at the largest concentration of reflective greenhouses in the world, at the Province of Almeria, SE Spain, associated with a dramatic increase in surface albedo in the area. The availability of reliable long-term climatic field data at this site offers a unique opportunity to test the skill of mesoscale meteorological models describing and predicting the impacts of land use change on local climate. Using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) mesoscale model, we have run a sensitivity experiment to simulate the impact of the observed surface albedo change on monthly and annual surface air temperatures. The model output showed a mean annual cooling of 0.25 °C associated with a 0.09 albedo increase, and a reduction of 22.8 W m(-2) of net incoming solar radiation at surface. Mean reduction of summer daily maximum temperatures was 0.49 °C, with the largest single-day decrease equal to 1.3 °C. WRF output was evaluated and compared with observations. A mean annual warm bias (MBE) of 0.42 °C was estimated. High correlation coefficients (R(2) > 0.9) were found between modeled and observed values. This study has particular interest in the assessment of the potential for urban temperature cooling by cool roofs deployment projects, as well as in the evaluation of mesoscale climatic models performance.
在西班牙东南部阿尔梅里亚省的世界上最大的反光温室集中地，监测到地表空气温度的长期局部降温趋势，这与该地区地表反照率的急剧增加有关。该地点拥有可靠的长期气候现场数据，这为测试描述和预测土地利用变化对当地气候影响的中尺度气象模型的技能提供了独特的机会。我们使用天气研究和预报（WRF）中尺度模型进行了敏感性实验，以模拟观测到的地表反照率变化对月和年地表空气温度的影响。模型输出显示，与 0.09 的反照率增加相关联，年平均冷却 0.25°C，地表净入射太阳辐射减少 22.8 W m(-2)。夏季日最高温度平均降低 0.49°C，最大单日降幅等于 1.3°C。评估并比较了 WRF 的输出与观测结果。估计出年平均暖偏差（MBE）为 0.42°C。模型和观测值之间发现了高相关系数（R(2) > 0.9）。这项研究特别关注通过部署冷屋顶项目来评估城市降温的潜力，以及评估中尺度气候模型的性能。
