INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), IRSET, U1085, SFR Biosit, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
Hum Reprod Update. 2014 Mar-Apr;20(2):231-49. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmt050. Epub 2013 Sep 29.
A very large proportion of the literature on the endocrine disruptors categorized as anti-androgens deals with phthalates, which are produced in large amounts for use as plastic emollients and additives. In this review, we bring together and analyse work on the effects of phthalates in animals and humans at different stages of their development to assess whether or not their possible anti-androgenic properties represent a significant threat to human health.
The database PubMed was systematically searched for all English language articles until July 2013 in each subject area discussed.
We provide an up-to-date exhaustive, comparative and critical assessment of both in vivo and in vitro studies undertaken to explore the effects of phthalates on the human testis from fetal life to adulthood. These results are compared and discussed in the light of the key data reported in the literature for mice and rats.
The current literature highlights the fact that (i) there is a huge difference between the number of studies performed in animals and in humans, with many fewer for humans; (ii) there are differences in the way rats, mice, primates and humans respond to phthalates, for reasons that need to be further explored; (iii) more work is required to clarify the contradictions, in the few existing human epidemiological studies at all stages of development, which may be partly explained by varying methods of exposure assessment; (iv) in accordance with recent findings in rodents, it cannot be excluded that transgenerational effects of phthalates and/or epigenetic changes exist in humans; (v) a number of methodological limitations need to be solved for the in vitro and xenografting models using human fetal testis to fulfil their 'missing link' role between epidemiological studies in humans and rodent models; and (vi) epidemiological and in vitro studies generally converge sufficiently to conclude that phthalate anti-androgenicity is plausible in adult men.
大量关于内分泌干扰物（被归类为抗雄激素）的文献都涉及邻苯二甲酸酯，它是大量生产的塑料软化剂和添加剂。在这篇综述中，我们汇集并分析了邻苯二甲酸酯在动物和人类不同发育阶段的作用，以评估其可能的抗雄激素特性是否对人类健康构成重大威胁。
系统检索了PubMed 数据库中每个主题领域截至 2013 年 7 月的所有英语文献。
我们提供了最新的、详尽的、比较性的和批判性的评估，探讨了邻苯二甲酸酯对从胎儿期到成年期人类睾丸的影响。这些结果与文献中报告的用于小鼠和大鼠的关键数据进行了比较和讨论。
目前的文献强调了以下事实：（i）在动物和人类中进行的研究数量存在巨大差异，人类的研究数量要少得多；（ii）由于需要进一步探索的原因，大鼠、小鼠、灵长类动物和人类对邻苯二甲酸酯的反应方式存在差异；（iii）需要更多的工作来澄清在人类各个发育阶段的少数现有流行病学研究中存在的矛盾，这些矛盾可能部分是由于暴露评估方法的不同；（iv）根据最近在啮齿动物中的发现，不能排除邻苯二甲酸酯的跨代效应和/或表观遗传变化存在于人类中；（v）需要解决一些方法学限制，以便在使用人胎儿睾丸的体外和异种移植模型中发挥其在人类流行病学研究和啮齿动物模型之间的“缺失环节”作用；（vi）一般来说，流行病学和体外研究足以得出结论，邻苯二甲酸酯的抗雄激素作用在成年男性中是合理的。
