Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Institute for Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
Sci Total Environ. 2014 Jan 15;468-469:864-76. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.005. Epub 2013 Sep 28.
The applicability of the dynamic soil model CHUM-AM was tested to simulate concentrations of Cd, Pb and Hg in five Swiss forest soils. Soil cores of up to 50 cm depth were sampled and separated into two defined soil layers. Soil leachates were collected below the litter by zero-tension lysimeters and at 15 and 50 cm soil depths by tension lysimeters over two years. The concentrations of Cd, Pb and Hg in the solid phase and soil solution were measured by ICP-MS (Cd, Pb) or CV-AFS (Hg). Measured metal concentrations were compared with modelled concentrations using CHUM-AM. Additionally we ran the model with three different deposition scenarios (current deposition; maximum acceptable deposition according to the Swiss ordinance on Air Pollution Control; critical loads according to CLRTAP) to predict metal concentrations in the soils for the next 1000 years. Assuming current loads concentrations of Cd and Pb showed varying trends (increasing/decreasing) between the soils. Soils rich in organic carbon or with a high pH value showed increasing trends in Cd and Pb concentrations whereas the concentrations in the other soils decreased. In contrast Hg concentrations are predicted to further increase in all soils. Critical limits for Pb and Hg will partly be exceeded by current loads or by the critical loads proposed by the CLRTAP but the critical limits for Cd will rarely be reached within the next 1000 years. In contrast, maximal acceptable deposition will partly lead to concentrations above the critical limits for Pb in soils within the next 400 years, whereas the acceptable deposition of Cd will not lead to concentrations above the proposed critical limits. In conclusion the CHUM-AM model is able to accurately simulate heavy metal (Cd, Pb and Hg) concentrations in Swiss forest soils of various soil properties.
动态土壤模型 CHUM-AM 的适用性进行了测试，以模拟五种瑞士森林土壤中 Cd、Pb 和 Hg 的浓度。采集了长达 50 厘米深度的土壤芯，并分为两个定义的土壤层。通过零张力渗滤仪在凋落物以下和通过张力渗滤仪在 15 和 50 厘米土壤深度收集土壤淋出液，为期两年。通过 ICP-MS（Cd、Pb）或 CV-AFS（Hg）测量固相和土壤溶液中 Cd、Pb 和 Hg 的浓度。使用 CHUM-AM 将实测金属浓度与模型浓度进行比较。此外，我们还使用三种不同的沉积情景（当前沉积；根据《空气污染控制条例》允许的最大沉积；CLRTAP 的临界负荷）运行模型，以预测未来 1000 年土壤中的金属浓度。假设当前负荷，Cd 和 Pb 的浓度在不同土壤之间呈现出不同的趋势（增加/减少）。富含有机碳或高 pH 值的土壤中 Cd 和 Pb 的浓度呈上升趋势，而其他土壤中的浓度则下降。相比之下，Hg 的浓度预计将在所有土壤中进一步增加。当前负荷或 CLRTAP 提出的临界负荷将部分超过 Pb 和 Hg 的临界限值，但在未来 1000 年内，Cd 的临界限值很少会达到。相比之下，最大允许沉积将导致在未来 400 年内部分土壤中 Pb 的浓度超过临界限值，而 Cd 的允许沉积不会导致浓度超过建议的临界限值。总之，CHUM-AM 模型能够准确模拟具有不同土壤特性的瑞士森林土壤中重金属（Cd、Pb 和 Hg）的浓度。
