Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
Nat Rev Urol. 2013 Nov;10(11):667-74. doi: 10.1038/nrurol.2013.213. Epub 2013 Oct 1.
Nocturnal enuresis, daytime urinary incontinence, lower urinary tract symptoms and faecal incontinence are more common in children with special needs than in typically developing children. Children with intellectual disability, which can be attributed to a range of causes, are particularly affected. Indeed, the epidemiological and clinical studies conducted to date show clear associations that children with special needs have higher rates of urinary (and faecal) incontinence than children without development, physical or cognitive impairments. For example, low intelligence quotient (IQ)-associated physical disability and conditions such as Fragile X and Rett syndromes increase the risk for incontinence, which can persist into adulthood if left untreated. Although the association of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and incontinence has been shown in many studies, further research is needed on other specific disorders, such as autism. As many children are not receiving adequate care, specific multimodal treatments based on rigorous assessment of the incontinence, underlying condition and associated comorbid disorders should be actively offered.
遗尿、日间尿失禁、下尿路症状和粪便失禁在有特殊需求的儿童中比在典型发育儿童中更为常见。智力残疾儿童，其原因多种多样，尤其受到影响。事实上，迄今为止进行的流行病学和临床研究表明，有明确的关联表明，有特殊需求的儿童比没有发育、身体或认知障碍的儿童有更高的尿（和粪便）失禁率。例如，与智商（IQ）相关的身体残疾和脆性 X 综合征和雷特综合征等疾病会增加失禁的风险，如果不治疗，这种情况可能会持续到成年。尽管许多研究表明注意力缺陷多动障碍与失禁之间存在关联，但仍需要对其他特定疾病（如自闭症）进行进一步研究。由于许多儿童没有得到足够的护理，应积极提供基于对失禁、潜在疾病和相关合并症进行严格评估的特定多模式治疗。
