Baumeister R F
Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106.
Psychol Rev. 1990 Jan;97(1):90-113. doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.97.1.90.
Suicide is analyzed in terms of motivations to escape from aversive self-awareness. The causal chain begins with events that fall severely short of standards and expectations. These failures are attributed internally, which makes self-awareness painful. Awareness of the self's inadequacies generates negative affect, and the individual therefore desires to escape from self-awareness and the associated affect. The person tries to achieve a state of cognitive deconstruction (constricted temporal focus, concrete thinking, immediate or proximal goals, cognitive rigidity, and rejection of meaning), which helps prevent meaningful self-awareness and emotion. The deconstructed state brings irrationality and disinhibition, making drastic measures seem acceptable. Suicide can be seen as an ultimate step in the effort to escape from self and world.
自杀是从逃避厌恶的自我意识的动机方面进行分析的。因果链始于严重未达标准和期望的事件。这些失败被归因于自身,这使得自我意识痛苦不堪。对自身不足的意识产生负面影响,因此个体渴望逃避自我意识及相关情感。此人试图达成一种认知解构状态(狭窄的时间焦点、具体思维、即时或近期目标、认知僵化以及对意义的排斥),这有助于防止有意义的自我意识和情感产生。解构状态带来非理性和抑制解除,使极端措施看起来可被接受。自杀可被视为逃避自我和世界努力中的最终一步。