Hawaii Pacific University, College of Natural Sciences, 3661 Loulu Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, U.S.A.
J Fish Biol. 2013 Oct;83(4):766-803. doi: 10.1111/jfb.12148. Epub 2013 Jun 6.
Cryptic, not readily detectable, components of fishing mortality are not routinely accounted for in fisheries management because of a lack of adequate data, and for some components, a lack of accurate estimation methods. Cryptic fishing mortalities can cause adverse ecological effects, are a source of wastage, reduce the sustainability of fishery resources and, when unaccounted for, can cause errors in stock assessments and population models. Sources of cryptic fishing mortality are (1) pre-catch losses, where catch dies from the fishing operation but is not brought onboard when the gear is retrieved, (2) ghost-fishing mortality by fishing gear that was abandoned, lost or discarded, (3) post-release mortality of catch that is retrieved and then released alive but later dies as a result of stress and injury sustained from the fishing interaction, (4) collateral mortalities indirectly caused by various ecological effects of fishing and (5) losses due to synergistic effects of multiple interacting sources of stress and injury from fishing operations, or from cumulative stress and injury caused by repeated sub-lethal interactions with fishing operations. To fill a gap in international guidance on best practices, causes and methods for estimating each component of cryptic fishing mortality are described, and considerations for their effective application are identified. Research priorities to fill gaps in understanding the causes and estimating cryptic mortality are highlighted.
由于缺乏足够的数据，以及某些组件缺乏准确的估计方法，渔业管理中通常不会考虑到捕捞死亡率的隐蔽、不易察觉的组成部分。隐蔽的捕捞死亡率会产生不利的生态影响，造成浪费，降低渔业资源的可持续性，而且在没有考虑到这些因素的情况下，会导致对种群评估和模型的错误。隐蔽捕捞死亡率的来源包括：(1)捕捞作业中的预捕捞损失，即在渔具回收时，捕获物因捕捞作业而死亡，但未被带上船；(2)遗弃、丢失或丢弃的渔具造成的幽灵捕捞死亡率；(3)被捕获并放生后因捕捞过程中的压力和伤害而死亡的渔获物的死后死亡率；(4)各种捕捞的生态影响间接造成的附带死亡率；(5)由于捕捞作业的多种相互作用的压力和伤害源的协同效应，或由于与捕捞作业的反复亚致死相互作用而造成的累积压力和伤害而导致的损失。为了填补国际最佳实践指南在这方面的空白，描述了估算隐蔽捕捞死亡率各组成部分的原因和方法，并确定了有效应用这些方法需要考虑的因素。强调了为填补对隐蔽死亡率的原因和估算的理解空白而需要开展的研究重点。
