Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria,
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2013 Nov;97(22):9637-46. doi: 10.1007/s00253-013-5283-1. Epub 2013 Oct 8.
Microorganisms (bacteria, archaea and fungi), in addition to lichens and insect pests, cause problems in the conservation of cultural heritage because of their biodeteriorative potential. This holds true for all types of historic artefacts, and even for art made of modern materials, in public buildings, museums and private art collections. The variety of biodeterioration phenomena observed on materials of cultural heritage is determined by several factors, such as the chemical composition and nature of the material itself, the climate and exposure of the object, in addition to the manner and frequency of surface cleaning and housekeeping in museums. This study offers a review of a variety of well-known biodeterioration phenomena observed on different materials, such as stone and building materials, objects exhibited in museums and libraries, as well as human remains and burial-related materials. The decontamination of infected artefacts, exhibition rooms and depots incurs high expenditure for museums. Nevertheless, the question has to be raised: whether the process of biodeterioration of cultural heritage can or should be stopped under all circumstances, or whether we have to accept it as a natural and an implicit consecution of its creation. This study also highlights critically the pros and cons of biocide treatments and gives some prominent examples of successful and unsuccessful conservation treatments. Furthermore, an outlook on the future research needs and developments in this highly interesting field is given.
除了地衣和害虫，微生物（细菌、古菌和真菌）也会因其生物降解潜力而在文化遗产保护中造成问题。所有类型的历史文物，甚至是公共建筑、博物馆和私人艺术收藏中的现代材料艺术品都会受到影响。在文化遗产材料上观察到的生物降解现象的多样性取决于多种因素，例如材料本身的化学成分和性质、物体所处的气候和暴露情况，以及博物馆中表面清洁和日常管理的方式和频率。本研究综述了在不同材料（如石材和建筑材料）、博物馆和图书馆展示的物品、以及人类遗骸和与埋葬有关的材料上观察到的各种著名生物降解现象。受感染的文物、展览室和仓库的净化需要博物馆承担高昂的费用。然而，必须提出这样一个问题：在所有情况下，是否可以或应该阻止文化遗产的生物降解过程，或者我们是否必须接受它作为其创作的自然和隐含的必然结果。本研究还批判性地强调了杀生物剂处理的利弊，并给出了一些成功和不成功的保护处理的突出例子。此外，还展望了这一极有趣领域的未来研究需求和发展。
