Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalleen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway.
Mar Environ Res. 2013 Dec;92:154-69. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.09.012. Epub 2013 Sep 30.
Operational discharges of produced water and drill cuttings from offshore oil and gas platforms are a continuous source of contaminants to continental shelf ecosystems. This paper reviews recent research on the biological effects of such discharges with focus on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. The greatest concern is linked to effects of produced water. Alkylphenols (AP) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from produced water accumulate in cod and blue mussel caged near outlets, but are rapidly metabolized in cod. APs, naphtenic acids, and PAHs may disturb reproductive functions, and affect several chemical, biochemical and genetic biomarkers. Toxic concentrations seem restricted to <2 km distance. At the peak of discharge of oil-contaminated cuttings fauna disturbance was found at more than 5 km from some platforms, but is now seldom detected beyond 500 m. Water-based cuttings may seriously affect biomarkers in filter feeding bivalves, and cause elevated sediment oxygen consumption and mortality in benthic fauna. Effects levels occur within 0.5-1 km distance. The stress is mainly physical. The risk of widespread, long term impact from the operational discharges on populations and the ecosystem is presently considered low, but this cannot be verified from the published literature.
海上石油和天然气平台产生的生产水和钻屑的作业性排放物是大陆架生态系统污染物的持续来源。本文综述了最近关于此类排放物对生物影响的研究，重点是挪威大陆架。最大的关注点与生产水的影响有关。生产水中的烷基酚（AP）和多环芳烃（PAH）在靠近出水口的鳕鱼和贻贝笼中积累，但在鳕鱼中迅速代谢。APs、萘酸和 PAHs 可能会干扰生殖功能，并影响多种化学、生化和遗传生物标志物。有毒浓度似乎限于<2 公里的距离。在含油钻屑排放的高峰期，在距离某些平台超过 5 公里的地方发现了动物群干扰，但现在很少在 500 米以外检测到。水基钻屑可能严重影响滤食性双壳类动物的生物标志物，并导致底栖动物群的沉积物耗氧和死亡率升高。在 0.5-1 公里的距离内会出现影响水平。这种压力主要是物理性的。目前认为，从运营性排放物对种群和生态系统产生广泛和长期影响的风险较低，但从已发表的文献中无法证实这一点。
