Faculty of Pharmacy, EA 1370 DRED Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, 2bis Boulevard Tonnellé, F-37042, Tours, France.
Plant Cell Rep. 1993 Sep;12(11):656-60. doi: 10.1007/BF00232819.
Haploid protoplasts isolated from prothallus (i.e. female gametophyte) of Ginkgo biloba, at densities ranging from 5×10(4) to 10(5) protoplasts per milliliter, were able to divide and form microclones which directly evolved into embryos, when they were cultured in two different liquid media. These were: the Murashige and Tucker medium (1969) modified by omitting ammonium ions and supplementing with glutamine, benzyladenine and various levels of naphthaleneacetic acid; or the Bourgin and Nitsch medium (1967) without growth regulators, supplemented with coconut milk. Three months later, the number of embryos ranged from 165 to 1900 embryos ml(-1) depending on the culture medium. After four months, embryos at whatever stage (globular, oblong or heart) exhibited a slow growth, which delayed the transfer onto solid media.
从银杏的原叶体（即雌性配子体）中分离出的单倍体原生质体，在每毫升 5×10(4)到 10(5)个原生质体的密度下，当它们在两种不同的液体培养基中培养时，能够分裂并形成微克隆，这些微克隆直接进化成胚胎。这些培养基是：Murashige 和 Tucker 培养基（1969 年），通过去除铵离子并添加谷氨酰胺、苄基腺嘌呤和不同水平的萘乙酸进行改良；或者 Bourgin 和 Nitsch 培养基（1967 年），没有生长调节剂，添加椰子奶。三个月后，根据培养基的不同，胚胎数量从每毫升 165 到 1900 个胚胎不等。四个月后，处于任何阶段（球形、长形或心形）的胚胎生长缓慢，这延迟了它们转移到固体培养基上的时间。
