Clemens Norman A
Norman A. Clemens, MD, is Emeritus Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, a Training and Supervising Analyst at the Cleveland Psychoanalytic Center, and a member of the Board of Regents of the American College of Psychoanalysts.
J Psychiatr Pract. 2013 Nov;19(6):495-7. doi: 10.1097/01.pra.0000438189.97161.59.
The author presents an overview of two contemporary, related psychoanalytic perspectives on religious phenomena. Based on data from systematic interviews, Ana-Maria Rizzuto explores the way the human mind forms the idea of God as it evolves through the various stages of childhood and adult development. The object-representation of God is greatly influenced by the mental representations of mother, father, and other important adults in the child's life. Object relations theory and the writings of Winnicott play an important role in these concepts. William Meissner, a Jesuit priest as well as a psychoanalyst, addresses Freud's views of religious belief as an illusion, or when accepted with certainty as real, as a delusion. Instead, Meissner sees religious belief as a developmental process that resides in the mental realm of transitional phenomena where spirituality, creativity, appreciation of beauty, transcendental states, play, and the psychoanalytic process itself also take place. In psychoanalytic treatment, religious phenomena are not exempt from exploration and understanding, perhaps resulting in more mature development of object representations, ego functions, and the superego functions of conscience and ego ideal as well as more mature religious life.
作者概述了两种当代相关的宗教现象精神分析视角。基于系统访谈的数据，安娜 - 玛丽亚·里祖托探讨了人类思维在童年和成年发展的各个阶段演变过程中形成上帝观念的方式。上帝的客体表征深受孩子生活中母亲、父亲及其他重要成年人的心理表征影响。客体关系理论以及温尼科特的著作在这些概念中发挥着重要作用。威廉·迈斯纳既是耶稣会牧师又是精神分析师，他探讨了弗洛伊德将宗教信仰视为一种幻觉的观点，或者当被确定为真实时视为一种妄想的观点。相反，迈斯纳将宗教信仰视为一个发展过程，它存在于过渡现象的心理领域，在这个领域中，灵性、创造力、对美的欣赏、超验状态、游戏以及精神分析过程本身也会发生。在精神分析治疗中，宗教现象并非免于探索和理解，这或许会导致客体表征、自我功能以及良心和自我理想的超我功能得到更成熟的发展，以及宗教生活更加成熟。
