Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2014 Jan 7;16(1):277-87. doi: 10.1039/c3cp52806e.
The cost and safety related issues of lithium-ion batteries require intelligent charging profiles that can efficiently utilize the battery. This paper illustrates the application of dynamic optimization in obtaining the optimal current profile for charging a lithium-ion battery using a single-particle model while incorporating intercalation-induced stress generation. In this paper, we focus on the problem of maximizing the charge stored in a given time while restricting the development of stresses inside the particle. Conventional charging profiles for lithium-ion batteries (e.g., constant current followed by constant voltage) were not derived by considering capacity fade mechanisms. These charging profiles are not only inefficient in terms of lifetime usage of the batteries but are also slower since they do not exploit the changing dynamics of the system. Dynamic optimization based approaches have been used to derive optimal charging and discharging profiles with different objective functions. The progress made in understanding the capacity fade mechanisms has paved the way for inclusion of that knowledge in deriving optimal controls. While past efforts included thermal constraints, this paper for the first time presents strategies for optimally charging batteries by guaranteeing minimal mechanical damage to the electrode particles during intercalation. In addition, an executable form of the code has been developed and provided. This code can be used to identify optimal charging profiles for any material and design parameters.
锂离子电池的成本和安全相关问题需要智能充电配置，以有效地利用电池。本文说明了在使用单粒子模型为锂离子电池充电时，通过动态优化来获得最佳电流曲线的应用，同时考虑了嵌入诱导的应力产生。在本文中，我们专注于在给定时间内最大化存储的电荷，同时限制粒子内部的应力发展的问题。传统的锂离子电池充电曲线（例如，恒流后恒压）并非通过考虑容量衰减机制来推导。这些充电曲线不仅在电池的使用寿命方面效率低下，而且由于它们没有利用系统的动态变化，因此也较慢。已经使用基于动态优化的方法来推导出具有不同目标函数的最佳充电和放电曲线。对容量衰减机制的理解取得了进展，为在推导最佳控制时纳入这方面的知识铺平了道路。虽然过去的努力包括热约束，但本文首次提出了通过在嵌入过程中保证电极颗粒最小的机械损伤来优化电池充电的策略。此外，还开发并提供了可执行形式的代码。该代码可用于确定任何材料和设计参数的最佳充电曲线。
