Simmons Szandor, Ishii Masaru
Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences and WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan,
Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2014 Apr;62(2):103-15. doi: 10.1007/s00005-013-0264-8. Epub 2013 Nov 26.
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a central factor responsible for lymphocyte distribution in the body. S1P is able to control the integrity of various effector cell populations within many lymphoid tissues by directing lymphocyte egress. In this review, we give an overview of the generation and degradation of S1P in specific lymphoid microenvironments. Furthermore, we discuss, sometimes contradictory, the functions of the five S1P receptors on different cells in diverse tissues and give an idea of additional counteracting chemotactic signals for lymphocyte immigration and emigration. We focus special attention to recent discoveries of S1P-specific transporters, like spinster-homolog-2 and the active secretion of S1P by endothelial cells, erythrocytes and platelets. In addition, we describe the microanatomical structures as well as entry and egress routes into lymphoid organs which lymphocytes use for efficient trafficking. Finally, we give an overview of open questions regarding the regulation of lymphocyte homing from primary lymphoid organs to secondary lymphoid organs and back again.
鞘氨醇-1-磷酸（S1P）是负责淋巴细胞在体内分布的关键因素。S1P能够通过引导淋巴细胞流出，来控制许多淋巴组织内各种效应细胞群体的完整性。在这篇综述中，我们概述了特定淋巴微环境中S1P的生成和降解。此外，我们讨论了（有时相互矛盾）五种S1P受体在不同组织的不同细胞上的功能，并介绍了淋巴细胞迁移和移出的其他抵消趋化信号。我们特别关注S1P特异性转运蛋白（如spinster-同源物-2）的最新发现以及内皮细胞、红细胞和血小板对S1P的主动分泌。此外，我们描述了淋巴细胞用于高效运输的微解剖结构以及进出淋巴器官的途径。最后，我们概述了关于淋巴细胞从初级淋巴器官归巢到次级淋巴器官再返回的调控方面的未解决问题。
